Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты, выражающие возможность

I

 

a book

 

bag

 

I

 

 

book?

We

have

 

have no

chalk

Have we

 a

chalk?

You

 

some pens

 

book

you

any

 

 

They

 

 

haven't

pens

they

pens?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 a (ny)

 

 

 

 

 

 

He

 

a map

 

map

 

he

 a

map?

She

 has

 

has no

chalk

Has

she

any

chalk?

(It)

 

some   chalk

hasn't

bag milk

 

(it)

 

bags?

 

 

 

 a (ny)

 

 

 

 

 

Note: Для разговорного английского языка характерны две формы: have got или глагольные формы со вспомогательным глаголом do: Have you got any brothers or sisters? Do you have any brothers or sisters?

Exercise 1. Use to have (have got)in the right form:

1. He ... a large family. 2. They ... a very nice flat in our town. 3. His father ... a farm in the North of Eng­land. 4. His mother is a housewife and she ... a lot of

work to do about the house. 5. I ... a lot of problems with my exams. 6. We ... a lot of English books at home. 7. ... she a family of her own? 8. Howmany children ... your pa­rents (...)? 9. My friend ... a good job. 10. My cousins ... not (...) much money. 11. The students of our group ... three classes every day. 12. Yesterday we ... an English

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lesson. 13. My friend ... a nice car. 14. My sister ... not (...) a house, she ... a flat.

Exercise 2. Ask your friends to answer your questions:

 

Has Have

 you

 students of our group

 your girl (boy)

your friend

your father

our teacher

Tyumen

we

they

(got)

 

many English classes a

      week?

many well-equipped

  laboratories

a tape-recorder?

much paper on the desk?

a car?

many good books?

an English - Russian

dictionary? any historical places? a dog?

a flat?

Exercise 3. Ask your friend: if he (she) has got a flat;

what furniture he (she) has got in his (her) flat; if he (she) has many relatives;

how many sisters or brothers he has; if he has got any pictures in his room;

what flowers he has got in his room; if his parents have got a country-house; if his father has got a car;

what car he has got;.

where he has his flat or house; if he has any English books at home;

what records he has.

- 17 -

Exercise 4. Answer your friend's questions:

Example: We've got a good record-player and what about them?

So have they.

He has got a lot of English records and what about you? So have I.

1. I've got a nice tape - recorder and what about him? 2.
My friend has got a new car and what about his cousin? 3.
They've got two English classes every week and what about
the students of that group? 4. The Blacks have got a lot of
books in different languages and what about the Smiths? 5.
This artist has few pictures and what about that artist? 6.
They've got a big house in the countryside and what about
you? 7. Our town has many sights and what about your place?
8. Our building has got high ceilings and what about the
new one? 9. My friend has got a dog and what about your
friend? 10. They have a test on physics and what about us?

11. Mary has got a boy-friend and what about you?

Exercise 5. Answer your friend's questions negatively. Example: He hasn't got a car.

And what about his cousin?

Neither has his cousin.

We haven't got many English books at home and

what about you?

Neither have I (we). 1. The girl hasn't got a new dress and what about her sis­ter? 2. We haven't much free time and what about you? 3. Nick hasn't got a big family and what about Paul? 4. This lecture-room hasn't got many desks and chairs and what about that lecture-roan? 5. Small towns haven't many pla­ces of interest and what about villages? 6. She hasn't got an English - Russian dictionary and what about her classma­te? 7. They haven't got any chocolate here and what about

- 18 -

that shop? 8. We haven't got physics lessons today and what about you? 9.I haven't got a phone and what about Nick? 10. You haven't got new records and what about her?

Exercise 6. Ask questions using the example:

Example: There is an English lesson in the time-table

(mathematics).

Have we got a math lesson in the time-table?

Yes, we have. /No, we haven't.

We have no math lesson in the time-table on Monday. 1. There is a church in this street (museum). 2. There are a lot of English - Russian dictionaries in our reading -room (any special dictionaries). 3. There are a lot of lo­vely postcards there (albums). 4. There are newspapers in the information bureu (magazines). 5. There are pictures in this store (slides). 6. There are a lot of new records in our house (English records). 7. There is a lift in our hou­se (chute for refuse). 8. There is a computer hall in our faculty (a language laboratory). 9. There is a pen in the box (a pencil). 10. There are some apples in the house (oranges).

UNIT 4.

The Pronoun.

 

 

The Personal Pronouns. The Nomina­tive Case.

The Personal Pronouns. The Objective Case.

The Posses­sive Prono­uns.

The Posses­sive Prono­uns. The Absolute Form

The Reflex- ive-Emphasi-zing Pro­nouns.

I - Я

me - меня, мне

my - мой

mine - мой

myself

- 19 -

 

he - он

she - она it - он, она, оно we - мы

you - вы

they - они

him - ему,

его her - ей, ее

it - его, ему, ей  us - нас, нам  you - вас,       вам  them - их,        им

his - его

her - ее

its - его,

ее our - наш

 your - ваш

 their - их

 

his - его

hers - ее

its - его,

ее ours - наш

yours- ваш

 theirs- их

himself 

herself

 itself

 ourselves

 yourself yourselves

 themselves

 

Exercise 1. Fill in the gaps with the personal pronouns.

1. ... are married.

2. ... have a young sister, whose name is Rosemary.

3. The next lesson is English. ... likes it.

4. There are a lot of boys in our group, but ... don't li­ke History.

5. How old are ... ?

6. ... does her homework regularly.

7. At half past twelve ... is time for lunch and ... go to the students' canteen.

8. ... are at the theatre now.

9. ... always change my books at the library.

10. ... is the beginning of November now.

11. ... am sure he will have a bright future.

12. There are many flowers in the garden. ... are so beauti­ful!

13. Lida is a bright student. ... is a good friend, too.-

14. My parents have many books. ... are of great interest.

- 20 -

Exercise 2. Rewrite the sentences, using the personal pro­nouns. Example: Michael lives in a big house - He lives in a big house.

1. Mary opens the window.

2. Vera and Susan go home.

3. The book is on the table.

4. Thomas and I sit in the car.

5. John sees a boy.

6. After supper my parents usually watch TV.

7. Her friend gets to town by train.

8. Barbara lives with her mother.

9. Nickolas and Erica can play the piano. 10. Mr. Brown is a doctor.

Exercise 3. Use the possessive pronouns.

Example 1: Give me ... (вашу) pen, please -

Give me your pen, please. Example 2: This is not ... (моя) pen, ... (моя) is

blue -This is not my pen, mine is blue.

1. This book is ... (моя).

2. They gave us ... (их) books.

3. I haven't got a dictionary. Can you give me ... (ваш) ?

4. How difficult ... (моя) life is!

5. That bag is ... (ее).

6. ... (его) mother wrote this letter.

  7. Johnny does ... (свою) homework every day.

8. Those girls are ... (ее) sisters.

9. Take ... (мою) pen. ... (моя) is better.

 

10. I know ... (его) brother but I do not know ..., (твое­го).

11. This dictionary is ... (наш).

 12. This young man is ... (их) brother.

- 21 -

13. What colour are ... (ее) eyes? ... (его) are blue.

14. ... (мой) friend is a young pilot. What about ... (их) friends?

15. ... (наша) classroom is large, and ... (ваша)? Exercise 4. Translate the sentences, using the reflexive -emphasizing pronouns. Example: Я видел это сам. - Я saw it myself.

1. Он говорил о себе.

2. Она сама написала это письмо.

3. Они сами это сказали.

4. Он сердился сам на себя (to be angry with).

5. Я всегда сам делаю домашнюю работу.

6. Они сами сделали этот эксперимент.

7. Она увидела себя в зеркале.

8. Мы можем это сделать сами.

9. Я видел это сам.

10. Вы сами это можете написать?

The Indefinite Pronouns.

 

Неопределенные местоимения

Исчисляемые существительные

many - многие, много

 few - мало (очень мало)

 a few - немного, несколько

books           cars      people      children      students

 Неопределенные местоимения

 Неисчисляемые существи-        тельные

 much - много

 little мало (очень мало)

 a little - немного,

некоторое количество

  time   work   news   coffee

- 22 -

- 23 -

 

Exercise 5. Use mich, many.

1. How ... eggs are there in the fridge, Paul?

2. We don't need ... orange juice.

3. Is there ... meat in the fridge?

4. There isn't ... fruit at home, and there isn't ... fish either.

5. Do you really need so .... sugar?

6. He says he couldn't bring... carrots.

7. Have you got ... money?

8. There is ... snow in the streets.

9. Susan is an excellent student. She has ... books and ... friends.

 

10. ... people walk along the street during business hours.

11. There are ... cities in the United States.

12. ... of what he says is true.

13. He has so ... problems at present.

14. I've got ... time.

15. How ... sugar is there in ray tea?

Exercise 6. Use (a) few, (a) little.

i. There is ... milk in the jug.

2. Is there so ... salt left?

3. I'm delighted. Tom has made very ... mistakes in the
test.

4. There are ... lumps of sugar left.

5. There is ... sugar left.

6. Is there really so ... bread left?

7. Three biscuits are not many, they are ... .

 

8. I know ... about painting.

9. There are ... flowers in my garden.

 

10. I have ... free time.

11. I have ... English books at home.

12. Give me ... time, please.

13. She has very ... friends here.

14. Ann has ... French books, she wants to buy some more.

 

 

+ some

? any

- no, not any

 There are some books on the    table.

There is someIbread on the      plate.

Are there anybooks on the table?

Is there anybread on the plate?

There are nobooks on the table. There are not anybooks on the table.

There is nobread  on the plate.  There is not any bread on the plate.

 

somebody /  + someone

something

? anybody / anyone anything

- nobody / none nothing

Give me something to read, please.

 

Somebodyis oo-

ming here.

Can you give me anythingto read?

Doyou see  anybodythere?

I have nothinginteresting to read.

I see nobodyin the

iroom.

- 25 -

a. Everybody is here.

b. Has anybody seen my boy?

с I probably left them somewhere in the house.

d. He goes everywhere by
train.

e. Somebody robbed met

f. Nobody helped me.

- Z4 -

Exercise 7. Translate the following into Russian.

Pay attention to the pronouns some, any, no.

1. There are some pictures on the wall.

2. There is not any bread on the plate.

3. There is some chalk in the box.

4. He has no English books at home.

5. Is there any clean water here?

6. There is some clean paper on the table.

7. There are some magazines on the shelf.

8. There is not any shop in this house.

9. Have you got any friends in your group?

 

10. Have you any classes today?

11. I have no car of my own.

12. Are there any students in the lab?

13. Give her some clean notebooks.

14. Give me some English books.

15. I put no sugar into my coffee.

16. There is no milk in the cup.

Exercise 8. Choose the right word: some, something, somebo­dy, any anything, anybody, no, nothing, nobody.

1. I have ... relatives in London.

2. There is ... at home.

3. There is ... interesting on TV tonight.

4. Is there ... on this desk?

5. Have they ... chairs in the kitchen?

6. Is there ... in the bathroom?

7. We have ... friends in Paris.

8. There is ... in the fridge.

9. There is ... in the house.

 

10. Have you got ... questions?

11. Is there ... interesting in today's paper? 12. There is light in the flat. ... is at home.

13. ... knows their new address.

 

14. ... asked you to do it.

15. 0ive me ... to eat.

16. He said ... .

17. We did not take ... from the table.

Exercise 9. Combine the sentences below.

1. Where is my purse?

2. Mike doesn't like to drive.

3. We must begin the meeting.

4. I lost my keys.

5. Where did Johnny go?

6. The exam was very difficult.

Exercise 10. Give negative answers.

Use anybody, nobody, anything.

Example: Is there anybody behind the door? -No, I think there's nobody there.

1. Have you anything to eat?

2. Is there any coffee in the house?

3. Are there any clerks at the meeting?

4. Is there any news?

5. Is anybody waiting for me?

6. Are there any mistakes in my translation?

7. Are there any questions for me?

 

8. Is there any sugar in my tea?

9. Have you got any money on you?

 

10. Is there anything new in this programs?

11. Are you going to buy anything on the way home?

12. Is he reading anything now?

- 26 -

 

13. Is there anybody in the lab at the moment?

14. Have you got anything to tell me?

15. Is there anybody from London at the conference?

Exercise 11. Fill in the gaps with no, not any

and compound pronouns of some, any,no:

See, what our morning is like.

It's busy morning in fact. Mr. Bridge has ... free ti­me. He is dictating ... to the secretary. Miss Brooks is talking to ... on the phone. Jane is looking through She isn't talking to ... .

- Is ... having coffee?

- No, ... is having coffee.

~ Is there ... unusual this morning?

- No, ... unusual. Every morning is like that.

- Why are you not doing ... ?

- There is ... work for me today. I am a trainee (прак­тикант).

- Is there ... in the boss's room?

- Yes, there is ... there. They are discussing ... impor­tant.

- Is there ... I can do for you?

- No, thank you. There is ... urgent at the moment.

- Are you looking for ... ?
 - No.

UNIT 5.

Degrees of Comparison

 

The Positive

Degree

The Comparative Degree

 

The Superlative

Degree

I. cold busy

clever severe big

colder busier cleverer severer

bigger

 

the coldest the busiest the cleverest the severest

the biggest

II. interesting difficult

more interesting more difficult

the most interesting

the most difficult

 

III. good хороший well хорошо

bad плохой badly плохо

little - ма-  ленький     many много    much

far - далекий,         далеко

late поздний   old - старей

better - лучше

 

worse - хуже

 

 

less - меньше

more - больше

farther дальше, further более далекий later - позже

older - старее elder

the best - наилучший, самый хороший

the worst - наихуд­ший, самый плохой

the least - наимень­ший the most - наибольший

the farthest самый the furthest далекий

 

 the latest - последний      (о времени)  the last - последний (o порядкеследования) the oldest самый  the eldest старший

- 28-

Comparative Constructions.

1. При сравнений двух предметов после прилагательного в
сравнительной степени употребляется союз than:

The Volga is longer than the Dnieper. - Волга длиннее,  чем Днепр. (Волга длиннее Днепра).

2. Для сравнения двух предметов одинакового качества (фор­
мы, размера и т.д.) употребляется союз as... as:

The 1st text is as long as the 2nd text. - Первый текст такой же длинный, как второй.

3. При сравнении двух предметов неодинакового качества
употребляются обороты not so... as, not as... as:
Jack isn't as old as he looks. - Джек выглядит старше,
чем он есть на самом деле.

Henry isn't so rich as Joe. - Генри не так богат, как Джо.

4. Если один ив сравниваемых объектов превосходит другой в
несколько раз по степени интенсивности к-л качества, то
употребляется следующая конструкция:

This route is twice as long as that one. - Этот маршрут вдвое Длиннее, чем тот.

His саг is four times as expensive as mine. - Его машина дороже моей вчетверо.

5. Параллельное нарастание интенсивности к-л качества выра­
жается конструкцией: the + сравнительная степень ...,
the+ сравнительная степень:

The longer is the night, the shorter is the day. - Чем длиннее ночь, тем короче день.

The older he grew the wiser he became. - Чем старше он становился, тем он становился мудрее.

Exercise 1. Form the degrees of comparison of the following

adjectives. A. Tall, high, light, cold, full, thick, quick, flat,

young, deep, sweet, weak, easy, busy, big, thin. B. Famous, active, serious, wonderful, beautiful, comfor-

- 29 -

table, general, outstanding, interesting.

C. Good, little, bad, many, far, near, much.

Exercise 2. Translate into English.

A. Ярче, проще, старше, лучше, прекраснее, уже, новее,
быстрее, легче, хуже, короче, глубже, теплее, больше.

B. Самый занятой, самый краткий, самый знаменитый, самый
замечательный, самый большой, самый удобный, самый моло­
дой, самый маленький, наилучший, добрейший, самый счаст­
ливый, самый трудный, наихудший, самый грязный.

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

A. 1. He is brighter than his brother.

2. She is taller than her sister.

3. His eyes are darker than coal.

4. Her forehead is whiter than snow.

5. His reading is better than his spelling.

6. This box is heavier than that one.

7. This house is higher than that one.

8. This road is longer than that one.

9. This book is more interesting than that one.
10. She is more serious than her sister.

B. 1. My health is worse than his.

2. His flat is larger than ours.

3. Our river is deeper than theirs.

4. This room is colder than ours.

5. Your task is easier than his.

6. Their flat is larger than their mother's.

7. Our task is easier than our friends'.

8. His garden is more wonderful than hisneighbour's.

9. My flat is more comfortable than my father's.
1O. His feet are larger than his father's.

- 30 -

-31 -

 

С. 1. Her answer is the best. 2. His room is the warmest. 3. She is the prettiest girl of the group. 4. He is the best friend of mine. 5. He is the most outstanding of our scientists. 6. This is the most interesting problem of all. 7. She is the busiest of the faculty. 8. This is the most difficult experiment of his. 9. This news is the most exciting in the world. 10. This task is the most important in this Chapter.

Exercise 4. Give full answers to the following questions. Example: Is Nick the worst sportsman in your group?

- Yes, he is. Nick is the worst sportsman in our group.

1. Is honey sweeter than sugar?

2. Is he cleverer than his brother?

3. Is his work the best at the faculty?

4. Is June the hottest month of the year?

Б. Is Lomonosov the most outstanding scientist of Russia in the 18th century?

6. Is your friend the worst student of the faculty?

7. Is English easier than any other foreign language?

8. Is the longest day of the year the 30th of June?

9. Is it difficult to say which month is the best?

10, Are the days in summer shorter than the nights?

11. Is February the shortest month of the year?

Exercise 6. Answer the following questions.

Example: Is this magazine as thick as that book? Is it

thinner than that book? It is not so thick as

that book, is it? - This magazine is not so

thick as that, book. It is thinner than that

book.

1. Is Tyumen as big as Moscow? Is it smaller than Moscow?

It is not so big as Moscow, is it? Which is bieger Tyu-

men or Moscow?

2. Is Newton as famous as Einstein? Is Newton more famous than Einstein? Newton is as famous as Einstein, isn't he? Who is more famous, Newton or Einstein? Who is the most famous of the two?

3. Is the moon as far as the sun? Is the sun farther than the moon? The sun is as far as the moon isn't it? Which is farther, the sun or the moon? Which of the two Is the farthest?

4. Is this road as short as that one? Is it shorter than that one? It is as short as that one isn't it? Which road is shorter, this or that one? Which is the stor-test road of the two?

Exercise 6. Translate into Russian paying special attention to the phrases italicised.

1. My sister is six years olderthan I.

2. Our new house is five storeys higherthan the one we lived in before.

3. I am seven centimetres tallerthan my brother.

4. She is three years youngerthan her husband.

5. Let's take this way, it's two miles shorterthan that

one.

6. The temperature is rising. It is already four degrees
higherthan it was in the morning.

7. This problem is twice more difficultthan the one you
 have just mentioned.

  8. The lake we have just crossed is three times as  wide,as the one we crossed yesterday.

9. Have you seen the new film? To mymind It is ten times

as interesting as the one you took we tolast week. 10. The canyon before them was many times as longas the one they had so successful1у got over the day before.

- 32 -

UNIT 6.

- 33 -Modal Verbs.

 

Exercise 7. Translate into English using the words: very, too, quite, much, rather.

1. Она умная студентка. Она довольно умная. Она очень ум­ная. Она умнее своей подруги. Ее подруга умна, но она еще умнее своей подруги. Она гораздо умнее своей подру­ги. Она самая умная студентка в группе.    

2. Это трудный текст. Это довольно трудный текст. Это весь­ма трудный текст. Это слишком трудный текст. Это самый трудный текст в книге. Это более трудный текст, чем тот. Это наитруднеишии текст из всех.

3. Он интересный человек. Он довольно интересный человек. Он очень интересный человек. Этот человек интереснее, чем тот. Он самый интересный человек. Он слишком инте­ресный человек.

Exercise 8. Build some sentences of your own making use of the following phrases: three times as old, four times as long, several times as good, many times as hot, twice as quick, three times as heavy, many times as slow.

 

Глагол

Present

Past

Future

CAN

to be able to

Выражает ре­альную воз­можность, фи­зическую или умственную способность.

CAN

am

is able (to)

are

 

I can do it. (I am able to do it).

Я могу (в сос­тоянии, умею) делать это.

COULD was

 able(to) were

I could do it. (I was ableto do it) Я мог (был Всос­тояний, умел)

делать это.