Questions for the independent homework on propedeutics of internal diseases for the III course students in the 2021-2022 academic year.

QUESTIONS FOR THE INDEPENDENT HOMEWORK ON PROPEDEUTICS OF INTERNAL DISEASES FOR THE III COURSE STUDENTS IN THE 2021-2022 ACADEMIC YEAR.

Module 1

Topic № 1

CP: Physical methods examination of the patients with lung and heart diseases.

1. What are the main complaints of the patients with diseases of the respiratory system and their diagnostic value?

2. The methodology and diagnostic value of the vocal fremitus examination.

3. Procedure and diagnostic value of the comparative lung percussion

4. Procedure and diagnostic value of the topographic lung percussion.

5. Procedure and diagnostic value of the lung auscultation.

6. Name the complaints typical for heart disease.

7. Determine the borders of relative and absolute cardiac dullness and vascular bundle, give a clinical assessment.

Topic № 2

Auscultation of organic heart murmurs. Functional heart murmurs and their difference from organic murmurs.

1. Name the order of the heart auscultation.

2. What are the main criteria that we define when conducting auscultation of the heart?

3. What pathological changes can occur with the first heart sound at the heart apex and why?

4. What pathological changes can occur with a second heart sound and why?

1. What is called heart murmurs? The mechanism their formation.

2. How the heart murmurs may be classified?

3. What kinds of murmurs are called functional?

4. What kinds of murmurs are called organic?

5. What is the difference between organic and functional murmurs?

6. Where and when are heard organic systolic murmurs?

7. Where and when are heard organic diastolic murmurs?

8. Where and when are heard systolic function murmurs?

9. Where and when are heard diastolic function murmurs?

Topic № 3

Extracardiac murmurs. Auscultation of the vessels: carotid, abdominal and femoral arteries, jugular vein.

1. What are the extracardiac murmurs?

2. Why and where may be heard pleura-pericardiac murmur?

3. Why and where may be heard pericardial friction murmur?

4. Where is carotid artery auscultated? Name its diagnostic value.

5. Where is abdominal aorta auscultated? Name its diagnostic value.

6. Where is renal arteries auscultated? Name its diagnostic value.

7. Where is femoral artery auscultated? Name its diagnostic value.

8. Where is jugular vein auscultated? Name its diagnostic value.

Topic № 4

Methodic of ECG recording and interpretation. Main ECG elements and their diagnostic value.

1. What is electrocardiography and its value in clinical practice?

2. What are the main functions of the heart?

3. Structure and function of the cardiac conduction system.

4. Biophysical basics of ECG.

5. Rules of ECG registration.

6. What leads are registrated on the ECG?

7. What kind of leads are called as standard, unipolar, chest? What areas of the heart they do describe?

8. What are the main elements of the ECG and their diagnostic value?

9. Give the cardiac rhythm characteristic?

10. How can be calculated heart rate? Name its diagnostic value.

11. How many positions of the electrical axis of the heart do you know? How to define physiological or pathological position of the electrical axis of the heart?

12. The diagnostic value of PQ, QRS and QRST intervals.

13. The diagnostic value of P, Q, R, S, and T waves.

14. The diagnostic value of ST segment.

15. Name the order ECG final form.

Topic № 5

Heart arrhythmias: clinical and ECG diagnostics of sinus arrhythmia, extrasystole, paroxysmal tachycardia, atrial and ventricular flatter and fibrillation.

1. What arrhythmias can be detected by ECG?

2. Clinical and ECG diagnosis of sinus arrhythmia (sinus tachycardia, sinus bradycardia, sinus arrhythmia).

3. Clinical and ECG diagnosis of extrasystoles (atrial, nodal, ventricular).

4. Clinical and ECG diagnosis of paroxysmal tachycardia.

5. The principles of first aid in an attack of paroxysmal tachycardia.

6. Clinical and ECG diagnosis of atrial and ventricular fibrillation and flutter.

Topic № 6

Topic № 7

Topic № 8

CP Topic № 9

Theme № 10

Theme № 11

Theme № 12

Theme № 13

Theme № 14

Theme № 15

Theme № 16

Theme № 17

The basic symptoms and syndromes of the patients with kidney diseases: inflammation, urinary, nephrotic, oedematic, hypertensive, acute and chronic renal failure, renal colic, renal eclampsia. Clinical features of the glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis. Chronic kidney disease.

Theme № 18

Laboratory diagnostics of the respiratory system diseases: sputum and pleural fluid analysis. Diagnostics of the respiratory failure syndrome. Principles of the spirogram recording and interpretation.

1. What are the main laboratory and instrumental methods of diagnosis used in the diagnosis of respiratory diseases and their diagnostic value?

2. What are the rules for collection of sputum for laboratory testing?

3. What indicators are defined in the sputum analysis?

4. What changes in the sputum analysis are characteristic of inflammatory diseases?

5. What is the difference between mucus in bronchitis and lobar pneumonia?

6. What changes in the analysis of sputum are typical for destructive diseases of the lungs?

7. What are the changes in the analysis of sputum are typical for pulmonary tuberculosis?

8. What changes in the analysis of sputum are typical for lung cancer?

9. What are the changes in the analysis of sputum are typical for bronchial asthma?

10. Technique of taking pleural fluid for laboratory examination

11. What are typical indicators of analysis of transudate pleural fluid?

12. What are typical indicators of analysis of exudate pleural fluid?

13. What are the clinical signs of respiratory failure.

14. Principle of classification of chronic respiratory failure.

15. The method of detecting spirogram.

16. What are the main indicators spirogram and their diagnostic value

17. Classification of respiratory failure as a result of spirography.

18. What are spirogram signs of obstructive and restrictive types of respiratory failure?

 

 

Module

Theme № 19

The basic symptoms and syndromes of the patients with respiratory system diseases: consolidation of the lung tissue, increased airiness of the lung, bronchial obstruction, cavity in the lung, accumulation of the air and liquid in the pleural cavity. Clinical features of the bronchitis, bronchial asthma, pneumonia, emphysema, pleurisy.

 CP: Principles of syndromic diagnosis of the respiratory system diseases.

1. What is a syndrome? What syndromes most commonly encountered in diseases of the respiratory system.

2. What are the causes of the syndrome consolidation of the lung tissue, at what diseases he encountered?

3. What are the physical data and other research methods with the syndrome consolidation of the lung tissue.

4. What are the causes of the syndrome of bronchial obstruction, at what diseases he encountered?

5. What are the physical data and additional methods of research in the syndrome of bronchial obstruction an example of bronchial asthma.

6. What are the causes of the syndrome in the lung cavity, at what diseases he encountered?

7. What are the physical data and other research methods with the syndrome in the lung cavity of an example of an abscess.

8. What are the causes of the syndrome of increased airiness of the lungs, at what diseases can it be?

9. What are the physical data and additional research methods at a syndrome of increased airiness of lung on example of emphysema.

10. What are the causes of the syndrome, hydrothorax, at what diseases he encountered?

11. What are the physical data and other research methods of the hydrothorax syndrome on example of the effusion pleurisy?

12. What are the causes of the pneumothorax syndrome, and in what diseases can it be?

13. What are the physical data and additional methods of research of the pneumothorax syndrome.

14. CP: Demonstrate techniques for vocal fremitus, percussion, and lung auscultation. Name the importance of physical examination methods in the syndromic diagnosis of lung diseases.

Theme № 20

Theme № 21

Theme № 22

The basic clinical symptoms and syndromes of the patients with ischemic heart diseases: (stenocardia and myocardial infarction). Clinical and instrumental diagnostics. Clinical symptoms and syndromes of the patients with essential hypertension.

Theme № 23

The basic symptoms and syndromes of the stomach and intestines diseases: abdominal pain, gastric hyper- and hyposecretion, stomach evacuation disturbance, bleeding, dyspepsia, absorption disturbance, irritative bowel syndrome, intestinal colic. Diagnosis principles.

1. What are the main functions of the gastrointestinal tract?

2. Give characteristic of abdominal pain and order of diagnosis.

3. What are the main symptoms of gastric dyspepsia?

4. Name the signs of food evacuation disturbances from the stomach.

5. What are the main clinical signs of gastric hyper- and hypo-secretion?

6. The differential diagnosis of GIT bleeding on base of clinical and laboratory results.

7. What are the main clinical features of a patient with irritable bowel syndrome?

8. Name the causes and symptoms of intestinal colic.

9. Describe the malabsorption syndrome.

10. Basic methods of laboratory and instrumental diagnostics of gastric and intestinal diseases.

Theme № 24

Clinical and laboratory syndromes of the liver diseases: inflammation, cholestasis, cholemia, hepato-lienal, portal hypertension, hepatic failure, jaundice. Diagnosis principles of the liver diseases.

Theme № 25

Theme № 26

The basic symptoms and syndromes of the patients with anemia (iron-deficient, vitamin В12 - deficient, hemolytic anemia), haemoblastosis (erythremia, acute and chronic leukemia, lymphogranulomatosis, polycythemia), haemorrhagic diathesis (thrombocytopenic purpura, vascular purpura, hemophilia). Palpation of the lymph nodes and spleen.

Theme № 27

The basic clinical symptoms and syndromes of the patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Clinico-laboratory diagnostic of the diabetic and hypoglycemic coma. Clinical symptoms and syndromes of the patients with diseases of a thyroid gland (thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism). Principles of the laboratory and instrumental diagnostics. Examination of the patients with main diseases of the locomotor system: rheumatoid arthritis, deforming arthrosis, gout.

1. Etiology-pathogenic mechanisms of diabetes.

2. What are the specific complaints in diabetes mellitus associated with hyperglycemia?

3. What are the specific complaints of chronic complications of diabetes?

4. What are e the main laboratory criteria of diabetes?

5. Clinical manifestations and laboratory diagnosis of hypoglycemic coma

6. Clinical manifestations and laboratory diagnosis of hyperglycemic coma

7. Differential signs of hypo- and hyperglycemic coma. Name the principles of emergency aid.

8. The main function of the thyroid gland.

9. The clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism.

10. Clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism.

11. Eye symptoms in hyperthyroidism.

12. Technique of the thyroid gland palpation.

13. Principles of laboratory and instrumental diagnosis of thyroid diseases

14. Etiology-pathogenic mechanisms of the joints diseases.

15. What are the main clinical manifestations in patients with osteoarthritis?

16. What are the main clinical manifestations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis?

17. What are the main clinical manifestations in patients with gout

18. Describe the main principles of diagnostics of the joints diseases (inspection, palpation, ultrasound and radiographic changes).

 

Head of the department

Professor                                                                                         Е.S. Kruticov                                                                                                                                 

QUESTIONS FOR THE INDEPENDENT HOMEWORK ON PROPEDEUTICS OF INTERNAL DISEASES FOR THE III COURSE STUDENTS IN THE 2021-2022 ACADEMIC YEAR.

Module 1

Topic № 1