General totality distinguishes from selective totality.

General totality is represented by all observed units taken for the research.

Selective totality represents part of the general totality selected by specific methods. It constitutes approximately 7-12% from general totality.

The selective method becomes widespread due to the calculus of probability. Calculus of probability is a mathematical science which studies the accuracy of incidental phenomena.

Incidental phenomena are applied in medical science. For instance, unfavorable weather factors increase probability of death rate in certain months. Thus, in January, February, and March there is an increase in winter-spring death rate in relation to diseases of respiration organs.

  

Mathematical probability (Рx) of occurrence of any phenomenon is located between 0 to1.

Рx=0,   Р³0,  Px£1;

For instance, favorable cases of death involve various factors which lead to death (for example, cardiovascular diseases, malignant neoplasm, injuries, poisonings and nonspecific diseases of the respiratory system). The number of possible cases may involve the entire population or its specific groups.

Types of distribution in statistical totality

The following distribution types are distinguished:

Alternative - according to the principle "yes", "no", inoculated, ret inoculated, at the end of treatment: survival of death.

Normal (symmetrical) – binomial distribution type (bеll-like) is observed in the majority оf the studied phenomena.

Asymmetrical - distributional type totality

а) right-sided, b) left-sided, с) two-humped (bimodal).

As their self-check task, students are required to draw each type of feature distribution in statistical totality and explain relevant distributional types.

Representatives of selective totality — are the qualitative and quantitative representatives оf all its constituents in relation to all features of general totality.

 

RISK FACTORS

 

 

ENDOGENOUS                                                       EXOGENOUS

 

                                         

 

UNCONTROLLABLE    CONTROLLABLE          UNCONTROLLABLE   CONTROLLABLE

                           

Age                         Arterial Hypertension  Climate                Environment

Sex                          Dysmenorrhea        Natural conditions     Life mode

 

Heredity                                                                                              Lack of Medicine

 

 

Table 1

Classification of ROBBIN’S factors influencing on health (1980)

Groups of risk factors	Percentage (%)
1. Methods of life: · Quality of life – structure & level of measured parameters which characterize the degree of material security of the man. · Way of life – national, public order and culture. · Style of life – psychological and individual features of behavior · Standard of living – structure and level of material security in account on one man.	51 – 52
2. Condition of environment: · Pollution of environment (water, air, nutrition and ground) · Level of radiation (electromagnetic fields)	20 - 21
3. Biological background: · Hereditary, constitution, sex and age	19 - 20
4. Medical examination & quality of treatment: · Inoculation against infectious diseases, medical surveys and quality of treatment	8 - 9

Public health

Social medicine and health protection organization: is a medical science studying the role and influence of social conditions and factors on health of the population.

Calculus of Probability: is а mathematical science which studies accuracy of the incidental phenomena.

The law of big Numbers: Theory of Р. L. Chebyshev: as close as possible to "one", is the probability that, regarding quite а large number of observations, the difference between the results of selective and gеnеrаl observations becomes as little as passable."

Statistical totality: is а large group of relatively homogenous observed units studied together wither definite temporal and spatial limits.

 

 Statistics: is а social medical sciences (and main method of social medicine and organization of public health) studying quantitative side of homogenous statistical рhеnоmеn in its indissoluble connection with their qualitative side.

 

The test questions.

1. What questions are studied in social medicine?

2. What is a public health organization?

3. What factors influence population health?

4. Why does the influence of social factors dominate?

5. What methods are used to study population health?

6. What is statistics?

7. Why is а physician necessary to know statistics?

8. What scientists were involved in social medicine in Russia?

9. What is medical ethics and deontology?

10. What is sanitary statistics?

11. What are the criteria to evaluate the population health?

12. What are the factors which influence public health?

13. What is statistical totality?

14. What are types of statistical totality?

15. What are the units of observation and their features?

16. What is representative?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

THEME 2