Дополнительные упражнения по грамматике

FUNCTIONS OF VERBS “to be”, “to have”

Variant I

1. From the earliest days the mankind has erected structures of great size and beauty.

2. Since the need for buildings of all kinds is great different methods for speeding up construction are developed.

3. The influence of various factors on the strength of concrete has to be taken into account (to take into account - принимать во внимание) in the successful proportioning of the compounds of a mix to achieve the desired properties.

4. The students were trying to devise a production of a very durable, cementless binding material.

5. Asphalt slabs are not affected by water.

6. The concrete roof of the new 4-storey store was cast as soon as the steel frame had been erected.

7. According to the plan there were to be two towers. These towers had to be very strong, they were of granite.

8. Hydraulic lime has the property of setting under water.

9. Masonry domes have been constructed for centuries.

 

         FUNCTIONS OF THE VERBS “to be”, “to have”

Variant II

 

1. The new plastic can be easily cleaned and are unaffected by high temperature.

2. A new development is that the building from the top to downwards and from the bottom to upwards is taking place simultaneously.

3. In order to attain one property a compromise has to be made in the other properties.

4. Other forms of test have been carried out, but the simplest is the tensile test on a concrete cylinder.

5. For interior use plastics is recommended for surface finish of walls.

6. These steel cables were to hold the bridge.

7. Proper compaction of concrete is essential for the development of its full strength.

8. Dry mixes of low workability if adequately compacted by vibration, have higher strengths than more workable mixes with the same water-cement ratio.

                                             INFINITIVE

                                               variant I

 

1. Walls are built to carry the weight of floors and roofs.

2. In order to save time, the builder prefers to use prefabricated concrete units.

3. Building regulations define the type of mortar to be used with bricks of varying strength to carry varying loads.

4. As the building began to lean over, the builders altered the design of the upper stories to balance it.

5. The knowledge of concrete seems to have been lost during the Middle Ages.

6. Pure aluminum is very plastic, which allows it to be readily formed into different shapes.

7. There are designs which provide the service centers to be connected with the dwelling houses by roofed passages.

8. The white exteriors of the tower block (жилой дом) appeared to be free of some ceramic materials.

 

 

INFINITIVE

Variant II

 

1. The members to be connected by welding must be held rigidly in position during the welding process.

2. The exterior walls are designed of sufficient strength to carry the loads of the floors and roofs.

3. To make concrete resistant to bending, engineers reinforce it.

4. In order to replace hand-ramming, mechanical vibrators are now used for compacting of concrete.

5. Water fit for drinking is assumed to be free from harmful ingredients.

6. Many building codes require brick basement walls to be 4 in. thicker than the walls above.

7. It is convenient to use built-in units which enable one room to serve the purposes of several.

8. Built-in furniture is considered to be valuable asset in small building.

9. Lime is produced from limestone and chalk which is burnt in a kiln for 3 or 4 days when it is ready to be made into mortar.

INFINITIVE

Variant III

 

1. A sanitary engineer protects the quality of water by treating and purifying this water to be used for domestic purposes.

2. The plumber lays the pipes to carry clean water into the house and to carry waste water away to the sewers.

3. In construction of a house the first step is to examine the soil in order to find its bearing power.

4. To transport water for populated districts the builders also construct aqueducts.

5. Green plants are considered to be very important because they clean the air, reduce contamination and so improve living conditions.

6. The internal combustion engine is known to cause more pollution than the factories.

7. The building regulations require external walls to be adequate to prevent heat loss from the building.

8. Many people consider the motor cars to be the main source of air pollution.

9. Concrete has a low tensile strength and needs to be reinforced with steel to form a structural member.

10. In order to understand what civil engineering is you must consider the development of different branches of engineering.

 

INFINITIVE

Variant IV

 

1. The aggregates are graded in size from fine to coarse in order to reduce the amount of void space to be filled by cement.

2. Elements to be employed for heat-insulation undergo supplementary treatment.

3. Before calculating the required sizes of beams or columns it is necessary first to determine the loads carried by the structure.

4. To make a house quite a lot of people all work together.

5. Cement is known to be the most important component of concrete.

6. When the water is added to the cement, this causes the whole mixture to set and hardening, forming a solid mass.

7. Water-reducing admixtures are found to facilitate placing of concrete under difficult conditions.

8. If alumina is not correctly proportioned it will cause the bricks to crack when being burnt.

9. Excessive amounts of air-entrainment are found to reduce the strength of concrete.

 

V-ing FORMS

Variant I

1. Besides having a low strength due to a high water-cement ratio concrete has even a lower strength because of poor compaction.

2. Having rather small strength, aluminum cannot be used for building structures.

3. Concrete is made by binding together particle of sand and gravel, stone or broken brick.

4. When choosing the building materials a building engineer must consider the conditions under which the chosen material is to operate in a built structure.

5. The value of this property is apparent in forming composite structures, laminate and the like.

6. The tower cranes are employed for lifting building materials onto the building being erected.

7. Cement is a binding material which hardens on drying and is used with a suitable aggregate to form a concrete.

8. Bricks serve only as a load-bearing material.

9. Being cured under pressure in autoclaves, concrete attains its great strength in 4 or 6 hours.

10. Suitable concrete aggregates may differ widely in their properties, the differences being as great as those between various cements.

 

V-ing Forms

Variant II

 

1. Having been introduced in construction Portland cement quickly replaced lime for making concrete.

2. “Non-fines” concrete is a concrete having fairly large voids.

3. Cutting became possible with the invention of tools.

4. Binding materials are used for making artificial stones and joining together different materials.

5. At first the idea of making concrete by using sand was completely rejected.

6. The ancient Egyptians often erected their huge buildings without thinking of their usefulness.

7. Strains or deformations occur in any body being subjected to external loads.

8. By enlarging the size of building elements labour costs and time were decreased.

9. From the earliest times, architects and engineers have been aware of the problems involved in laying a building’s foundation.

10. Various materials may be used as aggregate, the most common being naturally occurring sand and gravel.