Classifying
Identification of objects or fenomena as a member of a particular group. Classification includes a general class, a specific item or items, and a basis for classification.
| All matter may be classified as solid, liquid, or gas.
Oxygen is an example of a gas.
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Comparing
Another way of organizing information, but it also expends it and provides a new perspective on information. It usually concentrates on similarities.
| Magnesium is like (similar to, comparable to, as impotant as) aluminium.
Magnesium resembles (parallels) aluminium in many ways
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Contransting
The phenomenon opposite to comparing. it concentrates on differences
| Iron is unlike (is different from, differs from) aluminium.
Unlike iron (in contrast to iron, compared to iron, in comparison to iron) aluminium is light.
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Cause and effect
Every natural event has a natural cause. This event is effect. Causes explain why something happens. Effects describe outcomes. In a sentence effect may precede or follow the cause.
| A mixing of all wavelength causes (results in, produces, induces) a white light.
White light is caused by (due to, induced by, produced by) a mixing of all wavelength.
A white light is produced (if, when, as) all the wave length are mixed.
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Hypothesizing
Hypothesis is a tentative o temporary solution to a scientific problem which is based on observations or facts.
| All bodies fall at equal rates. If an object does not meet with resistance, it will continue to move at a constant speed even if no force is applied.
Galileo
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Defining
It is used to eliminate misunderstanding. Definition consists of a term, a general class word and specific characteristics (1) or term, specific characteristic and a general class word (2)
| (1) Conduction is a process by which heat is transferred.
(2) A triangle is a three-sided plane figure.
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Exemplifying
Examples are used to explain or clarify a concept and to give evidence to support it. Examples are not always marked with kewords (for example, for instance, to illustrate.)
| The physical state of a substance is affected by its temperature. For example, at a temperature of 00C below, water is a solid.
The size of an object is affected by temperature. A glass may break
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Giving evidence
Every hypothesis needs an evidence, Which is a result of observation or experimentation, combined with reasoning
Words to introduce evidence are to indicate, to demonstrate, to confirm.
| Smoking is related to many hart and circulatory ailments. It has been demonstrated that nicotine increases the rate of the heart.
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Deductive and inductive reasoning
They are used to move from reasoning to a conclusion. Deductive reasoning moves from general assumption to a conclusion. Inductive reasoning moves from a specific observation to a general conclusion. The latter can lead to falce conclusions.
| All metals are good conductor of electricity. Zink is a metal. Therefore, zink is a good conductor of electricity.
If air is observed to expand or contract to fill any container, the assumption might be made that all gases behave this way.
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Reporting
It is used to inform about observations and discoveries and communicate ideas.
| Darwin published his theory of evolution in 1859.
Biologists have recently made new discoveries.
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Describing
The nature of something can be explained by describing it. One can describe conditions, results of an experiment, chemical changes, the characteristic or distinctive features of an object.
| The texture of sand is rough and granular.
Blue stars are extremely hot.
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Predicting
A prediction is a claim that something will happen.
| The eclipse will be hidden by the clouds.
If the ecclipce will be hidden, the photos will be ruined.
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