Find the equivalents for these Ukrainian words / phrases in the text. Check your answers with your partner.

PART I

Text 1.

DESIGN

       The term ‘design’ is often tied to the various applied arts and engineering. The verb ‘to design’ refers to the process of originating and developing a plan for a product, structure, system or component with intention. The noun ‘a design’ is used for either the final plan (proposal, drawing, model, description) or the result of implementing that plan in the form of the final product of a design process. The final product can be anything from socks to cars or charts. Even virtual concepts such as corporate identity and cultural traditions such as celebration of certain holidays are sometimes designed.

According to video game developer Dino Dini, design underpins every form of creation from objects such as things for everyday life to the way we plan and execute our lives. For this reason it is useful to seek out some common structure that can be applied to any kind of design, whether this be for video games, consumer products or one’s own personal life. Recently processes have also been treated as products of design, giving new meaning to the term ‘process design’. It can be defined as ‘The management of constraints’. There are two kinds of constraints: negotiable and non-negotiable. The first step in the design process is the identification, classification and selection of constraints. 

       The person designing is called a ‘designer’, which is also a term used for people who work professionally in one of the various design areas, usually also specifying which area is being dealt with (a fashion designer, concept designer or web designer). Designing often requires a designer to consider the aesthetic, functional and many other aspects of an object or a process, which usually requires considerable research, thought, modeling, interactive adjustment and re-design.

       Being defined so broadly, there is no universal language or unifying institution for designers of all disciplines. This allows for many different philosophies and approaches toward the subject. However, serious study of design demands increased focus on the design process. It can take many forms depending on the object being designed and the individual or individuals participating.

Answer these questions:

a) What does the term ‘design’ mean?

b) What can be the final product of designing?

c) What is constraint?

d) Who is called a ‘designer’?

e) Is there any universal language for all designers?

f) Does the study of design demand focus on the theory or on the process?

g) Why did you decide to become an automobile designer?

h) Where are you going to work after graduating from our university?

i) Think about objects in your home. Which are particularly well-designed? Why? 

 

Find the equivalents for these Ukrainian words / phrases in the text. Check your answers with your partner.

Планування, намір, остаточний план, виконання (впровадження) плану, спеціалізуватись, мати справу з чимось, адаптація.

 

Do you agree with the following statements? Discuss your answers with your partners.

· Design is the most important feature of a car.

· The color of the car doesn’t matter.

· Most cars look pretty much the same.

· The drag coefficient has no effect on the design of a car.

· As long as the interior looks good, the ergonomics don’t matter.

· Every car from the same brand should look like part of a family.

What can we gain from travelling? How much of your own country have you seen? What interesting cities, towns and villages have you visited? Is it important to visit other countries? Why? What transport do you usually use? Is it necessary to learn foreign languages?

Make up a story of your own to agree or disagree with one of the English proverbs. Try to find the Ukrainian equivalents to them.

· In a long journey a straw weights;

· Great ship asks deep water;

· All is well that ends well;

· An early bird catches the worm.

Text 2.

1. Study the following information:

       A design process may include a series of steps followed by designers. Depending on the product or service, some of these stages may be irrelevant, ignored in real-world situations in order to save time, reduce cost or because they may be redundant in the situation.

Typical stages of the design process include:

Ø Pre-production design

· Design brief – a statement of design goals;

· Analysis – analysis of current design goals;

· Research – investigating similar design solutions in the field or related topics;

· Specification – specifying requirements of a design solution for a product (product design specification) or service;

· Problem solving – conceptualizing and documenting design solutions;

· Presentation – presenting design solutions;

 

Ø Design during production

· Development – continuation and improvement of a designed solution;

· Testing – in-situ testing a designed solution;

 

Ø Post-production design feedback for future designs

· Implementation – introducing the designed solution into the environment;

· Evaluation and conclusion – summary of process and results, including constructive criticism and suggestions for future improvements;

 

Ø Re-designing – anyor all stages in the design process repeated (with corrections made) at any time before, during or after production.

PROCESS OF DESIGNING

Although the process of design may be considered ‘creative’, many analytical processes also take place. In fact, many industrial designers often use various design methodologies in their creative process. Some of the processes that are commonly used are user research, sketching, comparative product research, model making, prototyping and testing. These processes can be chronological or as best defined by the designers and/or other team members. Product characteristics include the overall form of the object, the location of details with respect to one another, colors, texture, sounds and aspects concerning the use of the product ergonomics. Additionally, it is possible to specify aspects connected with the production process, choice of materials and the way the product is presented to the consumer at the point of sale. The use of industrial designers in a product development process may lead to added values by improved usability, lowered production costs and more appealing products. However, some classic industrial designs are considered as much works of art as works of engineering.

Something that is redesigned requires a different process that something that is designed for the first time. It often includes an evaluation of the existent design and the findings of the redesign needs are often the ones that drive the redesign process. 

 

Think about different means of transport (bus, underground, bicycle, private car, train, plane, tram, motorcycle). Discuss them with your partner. Which would you prefer to use going to work or university and why? What kind of transport is the most convenient in Kyiv?

Use the adjectives provided: safe, healthy, fast, reliable, economical, comfortable, noisy, air polluting.

Text 3.

Text 4.

DESIGN AND INGENEERING

       Engineering is often viewed as a more rigorous form of design. Contrary views suggest that design is a component of engineering aside from production and other operations which utilize engineering. A neutral view may suggest that both design and engineering simply overlap, depending on the discipline of design.

       American Dictionary: todesign – to conceive or fashion in the mind, to formulate a plan; engineering – the application of scientific and mathematical principles to practical ends such as the design, manufacture and operation of efficient and economical structures, machines, processes and systems. Both are forms of problem-solving with a defined distinction being the application of scientific and mathematical principles.

       Industrial design (ID) is an applied art whereby the aesthetics and usability of mass-produced products may be improved for marketability and production. The role of an Industrial Designer is to create and execute design solutions towards problems of form, usability, user ergonomics, engineering, marketing, brand development and sales.

       The term ‘industrial design’ is often attributed to the 1919, but the discipline predates that by at least a decade. Its origins lay in the industrialization of consumer products. General Industrial Designers are a cross between an engineer and an artist. They study both function and form and the connection between product and the user. They do not design the gears or motors that make machines move or the circuits that control the movement, but they can affect technical aspects through usability design and form relationships. They usually partner with engineers and marketers, to identify and fulfill needs, wants and expectations.

       ID is the professional service of creating and developing concepts and specifications that optimize the function, value and appearance of products and systems for the mutual benefit of both user and manufacturer.

Design, itself, is often difficult to define to non-designers because the meaning accepted by the design community is not one made of words. Instead, the definition is created as a result of acquiring a critical framework for the analysis and creation of artifacts. Design is the process of taking something from its existing state and moving it to a preferred state.

Answer these questions:

a) Do you remember the definition of the verb ‘to design’?

b) What is ‘engineering’?

c) What is the purpose of industrial design?

d) Whose role is to create and execute design solutions?

e) How do Industrial Designers identify and fulfill needs, wants and expectations?

f) What is the main definition of the design?

2. Make sure that you know how to pronounce and translate these terms:

Ergonomics, applied art, mass-produced products, marketability, design solutions, brand development, consumer products, state-sponsored effort, competitive footing, to identify and fulfill needs, value and appearance of products, preferred state, existing state. 

Verb – Noun:

To develop, to produce, to connect, to move, to appear, to define, to compete, to expect, to create, to innovate.

 

How has transport changed in the last 100 years? If you could live at any time of history when would it be and why? Exchange your thoughts with your friends. Have you ever travelled by ship / plane / train? Tell the group mates about your experience. What kind of transport do you consider to be the best and why? What problems might a person have while travelling?

Text 5.

CAR BODY STYLE AND WORK

       Cars can come in a large variety of different body styles. Some are still in production, while others are of historical interest only. These styles are largely independent of a car’s classification in terms of price, size and intended broad market; the same car model might be available in multiple body styles (model ranges). For some of the following terms, especially relating to four-wheel drive / SUV models and minivan / MPV models, the distinction between body style and classification is particularly narrow.

       In automotive engineering, the bodywork of an automobile is the structure which protects: the occupants, any other payload, and the mechanical components. In vehicles with a separate frame or chassis, the term bodywork is normally applied to only the non-structural panels, including doors and other movable panels, but it may also be used more generally to include the structural components which support the mechanical components.   

The first automobiles were designs adapted in large part from horse-drawn carriages and had body-on-frame construction with a wooden frame and wooden or metal body panels. Wooden-framed motor vehicles remained in production until the middle of the 20^th century. A steel chassis or ladder frame replaced the wooden one. This form of body-on-frame construction is still common for commercial vehicles.

Monocoque or unibody is a construction, in which the chassis is part of an integrated with the metal body. It provides support to all the mechanical components, as well as protection for the vehicle occupants. Although there is no separate complete frame or chassis, many monocoque /unibody designs now often include sub frames. Steel monocoque construction is the most common form of car bodywork, although aluminum and carbon fiber may also be used. Modern cars may also use polycarbonates.

Less common types include tube frame and space frame designs used for high-performance cars. There have also been various hybrids (Volkswagen Beetle had a chassis, consisting of the floor pan, door sills and central tunnel). Non-structural body panels have been made of wood, steel, aluminum, fiberglass and several more exotic materials.

STYLES IN CURRENT USE

• 4x4 or 4WD (‘four-by-four’ or ‘four-wheel drive’). A four-wheeled vehicle with a drivetrain that allows all four wheels to receive power from the engine simultaneously. The terms are usually used in Europe to describe what is referred to in North America as a sport utility vehicle or SUV.
• Cabrio coach or Semi-convertible. A form of car roof, where a retractable textile cover amounts to a large sunroof. It is fundamental to various older designs, sometimes an option on modern cars.
• Cabriolet. A term for a convertible car. A body style with a flexible textile folding roof or rigid retracting roof – of highly variable design detail – to allow driving in open or enclosed models.
• Coupe. A 2-door, 2- or 4-seat car with a fixed roof. Its doors are often longer than those of an equivalent sedan and the rear passenger area smaller; the roof may also be low. In cases where the rear seats are very small and not intended for regular use it is called a 2+2. Originally, a coupe was required to have only one side window per side, but this consideration has not been used for many years.
• Coupe utility (Ute). It is a passenger car derived light truck with coupe passenger cabin lines and an integral cargo bed.
• Fastback. A design where the roof slopes at a smooth angle to the tail of the car, but the rear window does not open as a separate ‘door’.
• Estate car (station wagon).
• Hardtop. A style of car roof. Originally referred to a removable solid roof on a convertible; later, also a fixed-roof car whose doors have no fixed window frames, which is designed to resemble such a convertible.
• Hatchback. Identified by a rear door including the back window that opensvertically to access a storage area not separated from the rest of the passenger compartment. May be 3- or 5-door and 2 to 5 seats, but generally in the USA the tailgate isn’t counted making it a 2-door and 4-door.
• Hearse. A converted luxury car usually used to transport the dead. Often longer and heavier than the vehicle on which they are usually based.
• Leisure activity vehicle. A small van, generally related to a supermini, with a second or even third seat row and a large, tall boot.
• Liftback. A style of coupe with a hatchback; this name is generally used when the opening area is very sloped and is lifted up to open.
• Limousine. A chauffeur-driven car with a normally glass-windowed division between the front and rear seats.
• Minibus. Designed to carry fewer people than a full-size bus, generally up to 16 people in multiple rows for seats. Passenger access in normally via a sliding door on one side of the vehicle.
• Minivan (people carrier or people mover). A boxy wagon-type of a car usually containing 3 or 4 rows of seats, with a capacity of 6 or more passengers. Often with extra luggage space also. It was primarily developed as a passenger vehicle.
• Muscle car. These are sports and race cars.
• MPV. Multi-purpose vehicle, a large car or small bus designed to be used on or off-road and easily convertible to facilitate loading of goods from facilitating carrying people.
• Notchback. A cross between the smooth fastback and angled sedan look. It is a sedan type with a separate trunk compartment.
• Pickup truck. A small, medium or large-sized truck, though smaller than a Semi tractor truck. The passenger cabin is wholly separated from the cargo bed.

· Pillarless. Completely open at the sides when the windows are down, without a central pillar.

• Ragtop. Originally an open car, but with a soft top (cloth top) that can be raised or lowered. Unlike a convertible, it has no roll-up side windows.
• Retractable Hardtop (Coupe Cabriolet). A type of convertible forgoing a foldable textile roof in favor of a multy-segment rigid roof retracts into the lower bodywork.
• Roadster. Originally a 2-seat open car with minimal weather protection – without top or side glass – though possibly with optional hard or soft top and side curtains and without roll-up glass windows. In modern usage, the term means simply a 2-seat sports car convertible, a variation of spider.
• Sedan or Saloon. A car seating 4 or more with a fixed roof that is full-height up to the rear window. It can have 2 or 4 doors, fixed window frames, as opposed to the hardtop style. This is the most common body style.
• Sport utility vehicle (SUV). Derivative of a pickup truck or 4-wheel-drive vehicle, but with fully-enclosed passenger cabin interior and carlike levels of interior equipment.
• Spider. Similar to a roadster but with less weather protection. With its black cloth top and exposed sides for air circulation, the top resembled a spider.
• Station wagon. A car with a full-height body all the way to the rear. The load-carrying space created is accessed via a rear door or doors.
• T-top. Its fixed-roof design has two removable panels and retains a central narrow roof section along the front to back axis of the car.
• Van. A truck-based commercial vehicle of the wagon style, whether used for passenger or commercial use. It usually has no windows at the side rear (panel van), although for passenger use, side windows are included.

Text 6.

AUTOMOTIVE DESIGN

This profession is involved in the development of the appearance and to some extent the ergonomics of motor vehicles or more specifically road vehicles. This most commonly refers to automobiles but also refers to motorcycles, trucks, buses, coaches and vans. The functional design and development of a modern motor vehicle is typically done by a large team of many different disciplines included in automotive engineers. Automotive design in this context is primarily concerned with developing the visual appearance or aesthetics of the vehicle, though it is also involved in the creation of the product concept.

Automotive design is practiced by designers who usually have an art background and a degree in industrial or transportation design. The task of the design team is usually split into three main aspects:

Answer these questions:

a) What is the profession of automotive design involved in?

b) What road vehicles can you name?

c) Who does the functional design and development of a modern motor vehicle?

d) Is it necessary for designers or drivers to have an art background? Why?

e) What design is the most important for you (interior or exterior)?

f) What is ‘graphic design’?

g) How many aspects is the task of the design team split into?

 

2. Match the antonyms:

1. inside	a) down
2. to push down	b) exhaust
3. bottom	c) outside
4. to open	d) to stop
5. inlet	e) to empty
6. to fill	f) to let out
7. up	g) top
8. to start	h) to close

3. Match the synonyms:

1. power	a) to draw in
2. to shut	b) to start
3. to let out	c) to operate
4. to work	d) energy
5. to suck in	e) to put off
6. to begin	f) to close
7. to be concerned with	g) to deal with
8. background	h) base

 

Text 7.

Text 8.

COLOR AND TRIM DESIGN

       The color and trim (or color and materials) designer is responsible for the research, design and development of all interior and exterior colors and materials used in a vehicle. These include paints, plastics, fabric designs, leather, grains, carpet, headliner, wood trim and so on. Color contrast, texture and pattern must be carefully combined to give the vehicle a unique interior environment experience. Designers work closely with the exterior and interior designers.

       The first car tires were white! One tire manufacturer wanted his tires to look more distinguished than other tires. He asked the Peekskill Chemical Company (founded in New York, 1864) to make a tire of a silver gray color. The company specialized in producing black and red colors and paints. The red they created was made with the same red iron oxide that the cavemen had used to make their red paint. The chemists succeeded in creating a darker color for the tire manufacturer. More importantly, they discovered that by adding carbon black as an ingredient to the rubber they not only got a darker tire, but one that lasted four to five times longer than white ones. Later the company became known as Binney & Smith, the makers of Crayola Crayons.  

       Designers draw inspiration from other design disciplines such as: industrial design, fashion, home furnishing and architecture. Specific research is done into global trends to design for projects 2 to 3 model years in the future. Trend boards are created from this research in order to keep track of design influences as they relate to the automotive industry. The designer then uses this information to develop themes and concepts which are then further refined and tested on the vehicle models.

Answer these questions:

a) What is the exterior designer responsible for?

b) Can you name the three main stages of designing?

c) What does the interior designer develop during his work?

d) Is the color and trim designer responsible for the development of colors only?

e) What do you remember about color of tires?

f) Where do designers draw inspiration from?

What model of car should a person have to impress other people? What car should a person have to take all the family and a pet for a ride? What model of car should an old couple on pension have to go for a ride? What car should a young businessman have to impress his partners? What model of car should a student have to impress his group mates? What model of car should a bridegroom have to impress his bride? What car do you or your parents have?

Text 9.

1. Read the text and fill each gap with one of these words:

designers, fit, engineers, manufacture, model, vehicle.

AUTOMOBILE DESIGN

       Introducing a new …… of automobile generally takes three to five years from inception to assembly. Ideas for new models are developed to respond to unmet public needs and preferences.

       Trying to predict what the public will want to drive in five years is no small feat, yet automobile companies have successfully designed automobiles that …… public tastes. With the help of computer-aided equipment, …… develop basic concept drawings that help them visualize the proposed appearance of the …... Based on this simulation, they construct clay models that can be studied by styling experts familiar with what the public is likely to accept.

       Aerodynamic …… also review the models, studying air flow parameters and doing feasibility studies on crash tests. Only after all models have been reviewed and excepted, tool designers permitted to begin building the tools that will …… the component parts of the new model.

2. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

Appearance, to some extent, road vehicles, automotive engineers, in this context, aesthetics of the vehicle, product concept, art background, exterior design, interior design, color and trim design, the proportions, shape and surfaces of the vehicle, ergonomics, to work closely with.

 

Text 10.

WHERE DOES THE WORD "AUTOMOBILE" COME FROM?

The word automobile is not English. It consists of two words: autos and mobilis. Autos is a Greek word meaning ‘self’, mobilis — a Latin word meaning ‘movable’. The two words taken together mean ‘self-moving’. Thus, an automobile means a ‘self-moving vehicle’. The synonyms of automobile are: auto, car, auto-car, motor car.

The role and importance of an automobile arise from the fact that it can move along roads not provided with rails. In this respect, it substantially differs from a street car (tram) and a railway car (train). In fact, it often replaces street cars, railway cars, and other agencies of transportation and communication. In short, the automobile is a vehicle well adapted for ordinary road conditions.

The automobile has long since ceased to be a matter of luxury or sport and has become a decisive factor in the economic development of many countries. This accounts for the fact that the world at large uses a great number of automobiles. In some countries where automobiles are found in millions they are playing a most important part in the solution of many problems of transport. The development of automobiles is also accountable to a large extent for the progress in road maintenance, improvement and construction.

WHAT’S IN A NAME?

       Have you ever thought about car names? Do they mean anything? For example, you may think “Rover” is just a name, in marketing. A rover is a wanderer – someone who likes to travel around. So, the name suggests mobility, freedom, having fun and going wherever you want. These were important qualities when Rover cars first came on the market.

Marketing departments of car companies spend a lot of time and money thinking up names for cars. The names should be a reflection of the brand, product and target group. The car you drive tells the world about your status, how much money you have and the socio-economic group you belong to. Good car names are catchy and fit the product, such as the “Beetle” or the “Mini”.

The name should also appeal to a global audience. At the very least, the name should not mean anything bad in another language. (This was why Rolls-Royce decided not to use the name “Silver Mist” for one model: ‘mist’ means animal manure in German.) 

American car makers like to give their SUVs names that remind people of the Wild West, full of adventure and danger. Did you know that “Wrangler” is another word for cowboy? Or that “Maverick” means an unbranded cow that has strayed from the herd? People who own SUVs seldom drive them off-road, but they enjoy the feeling of excitement that the name creates.

1. Answer these questions:

a) Have you ever thought about car names?

b) Should the name appeal to a global audience?

c) How important is the name of a car to you?

d) Would you buy a car even if you didn’t like the name?

e) How many car names do you know the meaning of?

f) Imagine that you work in the marketing department of a large car manufacturer and you want to produce a small sports car with women as a target group. How would you call it?

Text 11.

Answer these questions:

a) Who ‘invented’ the car?

b) What do you know about Motorwagen?

c) What British car was invented the first?

d) Can you tell a few words about Quadricycle and Oldsmobile?

2. Make sure that you know how to pronounce and translate these terms:

To shape the car, 4-stroke internal gas combustion engine, centrally located single-cylinder engine, three-speed gearbox, to install twin-cylinder engine, single-seated contraption, axle, steering wheel, two speeds available, drive belts, floor-mounted clutch, reverse gear, brakes, lights, mudguards, hood, rear-mounted engine, brass carburetor, semi-automatic transmission, springs, suspension, tubular chassis frame, vertical boiler, crankshaft, to put into production.  

Text 12.

Can you compare men and women drivers? Who causes more accidents? Do you think the driving test should be more or less difficult and how would you change it? Do you think the speed limits for cars should be lower? Think of an incident in your life or from a film, a book or TV programme. Name the events leading up to the incident. What are the consequences of that incident?

Text 13.

Text 14.

Text 15.

Answer these questions:

a) What do you remember about Cisitalia?

b) What can you say about its headlights, profile and wings?

c) How could Cisitalia top 161kph?

d) Why did the company face bankruptcy?

e) Can you tell anything about ‘independents’?

f) Is there anything interesting about Hudson’s ‘Step Down’ in the text?

g) What is TASCO?

h) What have you found out about its cockpit, panels and wheels?

 

2. Make sure that you know how to pronounce and translate these terms:

Hood, wings, headlights, fender, masterpiece status, slippery aerodynamics, single-seated racing car, over-ambitious plans, chassis, floor pan, sleek and handsome bodywork, enclosed cockpit, lift-out glass panels, roof, fiberglass fairings, car industry.  

3. Match the words with their definitions:

connecting rod	a) valve that admits fuel mixture into the cylinder of an engine.
inlet valve	b) valve that opens to allow exhaust gases from the cylinder to pass to the exhaust manifold.
exhaust valve	c) rigid metal link that transmits power between a piston and a crankshaft.
camshaft	d) shaft that employs a number of cams which operate the valves and some of the other moving parts of an internal-combustion engine.

 

4. Complete the multiple choice test:

1. This gear is used when the car stops for a short time, like at traffic lights.

A) neutral gear            B) reverse gear               C) first gear

2. From the change gears the movement is transmitted to the back axle by…

A) camshaft                B) crankshaft                  C) propeller shaft

3. This gear is used to increase the speed of the car.

A) first gear                B) second gear                C) top gear

4. This gear is used to start the car moving.

A) first gear                B) second gear                C) top gear

5. The piston rings rub against …

A) the cylinder walls  B) the crankshaft            C) propeller shaft

6. This gear is used when the car goes backwards.

A) reverse gear           B) rear gear                    C) back gear

 

Text 16.

Answer these questions:

a) What do you remember about Rover’s Jet 1?

b) Did the ‘Silver Bullet’ have a more progressive image?

c) What innovations did the TRX have?

d) What car was the most advanced and safest family car in 1954?

e) Did the Ferguson Research Co. have any success?

f) What concept did Gottlieb sell?

g) What car did he launch in 1955?

 

2. Make sure that you know how to pronounce and translate these word combinations:

Technology and ingenuity, gas turbine car, open 2-seater, fuel consumption, smooth-lined 2-seater, old-fashioned model, tiny cockpit, free-standing headlamps, sleek profile, side-opening hood, electro-hydraulically driven, the most advanced and safest family car, safe in wet and slippery road conditions, anti-lock and skid-proof brakes, research vehicle, rear-mounted and single-cylinder engine, egg-shaped fiberglass body, exhaust pipe, tail pipe extension, overhaul, air dam, shock absorber, leaf spring, coil spring, drum brakes, disc brakes, brake shoe, pad, assembled by hand, antilock braking system, side impact protection bar. 

Use them to retell the text or to describe some well-known models.  

3. Match English phrases with their equivalents in Ukrainian:

1. car body	a) дизельне паливо
2. disc brake	b) тормозна колодка
3. shock absorber	c) камера згорання
4. rear engine car	d) кузов автомобіля
5. diesel oil	e) передній привід
6. combustion chamber	f) дискове гальмо
7. brake shoe	g) амортизатор
8. front wheel drive	h) автомобіль iз заднім розташуванням двигуна

4. Find in these sentences the forms of the verb with the ending -ing. State whether this form is Gerund or Participle. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

a) Modern motor vehicles are almost exclusively equipped with internal – expanding brakes acting on all the wheels of the car.

b) In systems operating with a pump, the top portion of the feed pump is designed as a fuel filter.

c) A sparking brake is an auxiliary mechanism that mechanically activates a vehicle’s rear brakes for parking.

d) When the engine is running at sufficient speed, generator supplies the ignition current and charges the storage battery.

e) The valve closes the valve port by returning to its seat.

f) For normal cruising along a road, a high gear is selected.

g) The fluid needs changing regularly as it can become diluted with water.

h) By rotating with its shaft, a cam lifts a cam –follower with each rotation.

i) A friction shock absorber is arranged behind the spur-gear pinion to prevent road shocks from being transmitted to the steering wheel.

j) The mixture consisting of fuel vapor and air burned in the cylinder is produced in the carburetor.

 

Imagine that you are the newsreader at the local TV station. Report the road accident. Write the news report about an awful accident in your city. Start with giving the summary of the event (when, where, what, why). Then describe the event in detail. Finish it with describing the actions that were taken to save victims.

Text 17.

Do you pay attention to the following when you buy a car: a car’s fuel consumption, its recyclability, if it was manufactured in a plant with an eco-audit? What are the advantages and disadvantages of fuel cell-powered cars? Have you read anything about them? Have you ever googled this information for your lessons? Would you buy a fuel cell car? Why or why not?

Text 18.

Text 19.

THE HISTORY OF THE AUTOMOBILE   

 (I)  Car designers had explored just about every wheel configuration by the dawn of the 1960s. These even included wheels arranged in both as a short-lived production car and several prototypes. Pininfarina ’s X, though, pushed the parameters out further by using a rhomboid for the car’s ‘footprint’. This amazing 4-door sedan had 2 wheelbases – one from the single front wheel to the two in the center; and one from the center wheels to the rear wheel. The smoothly pointed nose had the car’s only steered wheel hidden deep in its center and was fronted by 3 headlights. It also had prominent chrome over riders beneath for protection. At the back, the single powered wheel was similarly concealed and the tail, housing the Fiat engine, was dominated by its twin stabilizing, buttress-type fins. Pininfarina was happy to build the car as a display showpiece for the Turin motor show. It was a serious study of aerodynamics and fuel economy, exploiting some of Morelli’s design patents. Pininfarina still has the car in its collection although not in the same form as it originated in fall 1960. The rear doors that hinged from the back were changed to front-hinged types before road testing. The X also led to Y, a city car prototype, similar in profile but with wheels back to their 4-cornered convention.

       The Amphicar is the only amphibious car to reach proper mass-production. As a plaything for rivers and calm lakes it was enormous fun. But for anything more seagoing it was a precarious hazard. The car was designed by German engineer Hans Trippel. It had a 2-part transmission with an adapted VW Beetle gearbox for the road and a two-speed (forward-and-back) in-water unit. The wheels and the twin propellers could operate independently and the steering wheel controlled the rudders – the front wheels. Two cars attempted to cross the English Channel. One broke down after letting in too much water and the second had to tow it. When the fuel tank was empty, it had to be refilled. The operation involved opening the roof and pouring the fuel into the tank from over the windscreen. Manufacturing stopped in 1963 after over-ambitious forecasts produced a huge inventory of parts.

       The Jeep Wagoneer was the first off-road vehicle with selectable 4-wheel drive, purpose-designed to be just as suitable for cruising on highways. There were a lot of visual tricks used, such as a waistline just below the side windows, slim window pillars and suggestions of fenders and running boards pressed into the lower side panels. The high-riding car also included a brand-new straight-six engine – the only American camshaft unit at that time. It had automatic transmission. It was the first purpose-designed SUV and became the longest-lived. Despite frequent cosmetic makeovers, the Wagoneer remained a timeless icon until 1992. 

Answer these questions:

a) What car was a hit for those who liked to go to the cinema?

b) What do you remember about Aston Martin?

c) What famous companies took part in Austin FX4’s manufacturing?

d) What do you remember about its interior?

e) Can you describe GM Toronado and Oldsmobile?

f) What top speed did the Lotus Europa have?

g) What about its cockpit?

h) Do you remember anything about advantages and disadvantages of Lotus cars? 

 

Text 21.

THE HISTORY OF THE AUTOMOBILE   

(K) Along with other concept cars, Carabo took ground hugging to extremes. Bertone used a mid-engine layout to turn what would normally have been a hood into an acute-angled nosecone, from which the enormous windshield was a continuation in one unbroken styling line. The main intention of these cars was to shock and impress in equal measures. It was a technology showcase, boasting lightweight copper-tinted glass and a metallic green paint with fluorescent orange highlights. This was clearly the inspiration for the Lamborghini Countach – adding to the car’s iconic status.

Tom Karen had planned his own tiny 3-wheeled fun car, called the Rascal. It was designed to be cheap to make and own. At first, Karen was occupied with sports station wagon. The final production car was amazingly faithful to his proposal, including the vertically truncated tail, the exposed rear axle and even a plywood trunk lid. Manufacturers insisted on more luggage space within the plastic body, but made the car more radical with side-screens instead of a fixed roof. The car went on sale as the Bond Bug.

Sommer Joker rode on a stout box-section separate chassis on which an external framework of steel pipes acted as the body frame. Between their gaps, on the inside, were attached totally flat fiberglass panels, giving it appearance of a mobile building. It had excellent acceleration. Sommer wanted to offer a none-too-serious car that could be practical and he did it.

 Fiat’s attempt to create the safest possible city car came from the USA. The world’s first safety car weighing 680kg featured a massively strong inner skeleton. ESV1500 was the standard mechanical hardware. Its wheelbase and doors resembled Fiat 850. Finely, it became a marketing nightmare.

Answer these questions:

a) What specific features did Carabo have?

b) What was this car manufactured for?

c) What car was designed to be cheap in maintenance?

d) Sommer wanted to offer a practical car, didn’t he?

e) Can you tell anything about Fiat cars?

 

2. Match English words and phrases with their equivalents in Ukrainian:

1. sequence of operations	a) хід (такт) стискання
2. firing order	b) послідовність операцій
3. compression stroke	c) в кінці такту стискування
4. induction stroke	d) в кінці такту впуску
5. exhaust stroke	e) порядок запалювання
6. power stroke	f) хід (такт) впуску
7. at the top of the compression stroke	g) робочий хід (такт)
8. at the bottom of the induction stroke 9. air dam 10. air and petrol mixture	h) хід (такт) випуску   i) повітряно-бензинова суміш j) повітряний спойлер

3. Translate this extract in written form:

As automobiles changed through the years, mechanics or automobile service technicians, as they are now called, have kept them running. The “Big Three” (Ford, GM and Chrysler) automobile makers produced millions of cars for a public eager for freedom and mobility the automobile promised. With the ill-prepared roads suddenly overrun by inexperienced drivers, accidents and breakdowns became common. People were not only unskilled in driving but also were ignorant of the basic maintenance and service the automobile required. It suddenly became apparent that a new profession was in the making.

Automobile service technicians maintain and repair cars, vans, small trucks and other vehicles. Using both hand tools and specialized diagnostic test equipment, they pinpoint problems and make the necessary repairs or adjustments. In addition to performing complex and difficult repairs, they perform a number of routine maintenance procedures, such as oil changes, tire rotation and battery replacement. Technicians interact frequently with customers to explain repair procedures and discuss maintenance needs. 

 

Text 22.

1. Complete the text (A tour of a car factory) with the following words:

Clutch, combustion, crankshaft, cylinders, distribution, fuel, piston, spark plug, torque.

       “Now we come to the engine. The principle of the internal ________ engine has not changed in the last 100 years. The engine takes in ________ and air which is compressed in a combustion chamber. Then this mixture is ignited by a ________ to produce an explosion, which moves the ________ in the cylinder. The up and down motion of the piston in the cylinder is converted into rotational motion by the ________. The rotational force generated by the engine is known as ________. The size of the engine determines the power. The more ________ there are, the more powerful the engine. This power is transmitted through the ________, the gearbox, the propeller shaft (in rear-wheel and 4-wheel drive) and the axles to the wheels. The position of the engine can vary, but generally speaking it is mounted at the front. In some sports cars, the engine is mounted at the rear (e.g. Porsche) or in the middle (e.g. Ferrari or Lamborghini) because of weight ________. So, that’s enough about the engine for the moment – let’s move on to the next stage …”

Have you ever visited any car factory? Where would you like to work after graduating from our university? How many factories are there in Ukraine, in Russia, in the USA? Would you like to work for any Ukrainian company or to go abroad?

Complete the table:

Verb	Noun	Adjective
To	power
To		combustible
To	ignition
To		explosive
To	rotation
To	transmission

 

Text 23.

THE INSTRUMENT PANEL

Navigation aids, telemetric equipment, audio system features and the standard instruments are all fighting for space on the instrument panel (IP). This creates a challenge for interior designers and engineers who need to keep the IP simple so that the driver is not distracted by too many buttons and instruments. Customers also equate a spacious interior with luxury – another reason why the IP shouldn’t look overcrowded.

Designers deal with the problem in various ways. They reduce the size of ‘space-eaters’ such as heating and cooling systems, or even remove them completely from the IP by putting them under the seat or in the boot. They also put many functions, such as station pre-set buttons for audio systems, on touch screens, which save space on the IP. But there is still the danger of overcrowding the screen, which could distract the driver and thus cause an accident. Another problem is the position: the touch screen needs to be located high on the dashboard so that the driver can use it easily while driving. But if it is too high it can be hard to read because of reflections and the sun ‘washing out’ the screen.

Some engineers see voice recognition as a way to get rid of many manual controls and to simplify the IP. But voice recognition can also be overused. There needs to be an optimal balance between visual displays and voice instructions, so that the driver can deal safely with all the information he or she receives.

1. Complete the sentences with the information from the text above.

a) ……… are all fighting for space on the IP.

b) Customers also equate ………

c) Designers reduce the size of ………

d) They also put many functions ……… on touch screens.

e) Another problem is the position: ………

f) Some engineers see voice recognition ………

 

Do you agree that there will be no more switches, only voice control? Will the car be made of self-cleaning materials? Will the sensors in the car prevent accidents? Would you like to be able to do most of the tasks you usually do in your office – in the car?

Text 24.

Answer these questions:

a) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using aluminum?

b) What kind of car materials do you think will be used in the future?

c) What materials are used in car manufacturing?

d) What are the EU’s recycling targets for 2015? Do you think car makers will have trouble reaching them?

Work in groups of three to have a role-play meeting. You have to decide whether the tailgate of a new car should be made of steel or plastic. Take the parts of a controller (A), a member of the technical department (B) and a member of the production department (C). Try to reach a decision by the end of the meeting.

Text 25.

THE SMART

       Over the last years people have got used to the sight of very small cars parked in tiny parking spaces. Smart is one of the world’s youngest car makers and yet the Smart Fortwo is such a distinctive car that it has already been included as an exhibit in the Museum of Modern Art in New York – one of only six cars to attain this distinction.

       In April 1994, the Micro Compact Car AG was founded in Switzerland as a joint venture between Mercedes-Benz and Swatch. Nicolas Hayek, the inventor of the Swatch watch, brought his idea for an ultra-short small car and Mercedes-Benz contributed expertise and experience from more than a hundred years of building cars.

       Engineers devised a car which is not only extremely mobile and efficient, but also very economical. Its other key feature is safety, with its unique tridion cell. 

       After starting development, the Smart Fortwo celebrated its premiere at the Motor Show in 1997. Production in Hambach, France, started in 1998, and sales took off in other European countries. There is no doubt that it is a leader in urban mobility. All Smart vehicles embody the same brand values and have the same ‘DNA’: innovation, functionality and joie de vivre. They appeal to people who are sporty, independent and young at heart; people who love clever solutions and are open to new ideas.

Answer these questions:

a) What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Smart?

b) In which countries do you think small cars are most successful?

c) Do you think small cars will become more popular in the future? Why?  

 

Complete the table:

The exterior	The interior
Bonnet, front bumper, …	Air vent, car seat (headrest), …

Airbag, speedometer, headlight, petrol cap or flap, sunroof, sill, ashtray, wheel arch, cigarette lighter, dashboard, wheel trim, logo, windscreen wiper, wing, aerial, boot, gearstick, number plate, glove compartment, glove compartment, rear window, handbrake, horn, ignition, wing mirror, rear-view mirror, seat belt, rear light, steering wheel, sun visor, engine oil temperature gauge, fuel gauge. 

Answer these questions:

a) When was the first Mini made?

b) Why is the Mini factory in Oxford so special?

c) How many new Minis are made each year?

d) How many people work at the Mini factory?

e) Why is the new factory better for the workers?

PART I

Text 1.

DESIGN

       The term ‘design’ is often tied to the various applied arts and engineering. The verb ‘to design’ refers to the process of originating and developing a plan for a product, structure, system or component with intention. The noun ‘a design’ is used for either the final plan (proposal, drawing, model, description) or the result of implementing that plan in the form of the final product of a design process. The final product can be anything from socks to cars or charts. Even virtual concepts such as corporate identity and cultural traditions such as celebration of certain holidays are sometimes designed.

According to video game developer Dino Dini, design underpins every form of creation from objects such as things for everyday life to the way we plan and execute our lives. For this reason it is useful to seek out some common structure that can be applied to any kind of design, whether this be for video games, consumer products or one’s own personal life. Recently processes have also been treated as products of design, giving new meaning to the term ‘process design’. It can be defined as ‘The management of constraints’. There are two kinds of constraints: negotiable and non-negotiable. The first step in the design process is the identification, classification and selection of constraints. 

       The person designing is called a ‘designer’, which is also a term used for people who work professionally in one of the various design areas, usually also specifying which area is being dealt with (a fashion designer, concept designer or web designer). Designing often requires a designer to consider the aesthetic, functional and many other aspects of an object or a process, which usually requires considerable research, thought, modeling, interactive adjustment and re-design.

       Being defined so broadly, there is no universal language or unifying institution for designers of all disciplines. This allows for many different philosophies and approaches toward the subject. However, serious study of design demands increased focus on the design process. It can take many forms depending on the object being designed and the individual or individuals participating.

Answer these questions:

a) What does the term ‘design’ mean?

b) What can be the final product of designing?

c) What is constraint?

d) Who is called a ‘designer’?

e) Is there any universal language for all designers?

f) Does the study of design demand focus on the theory or on the process?

g) Why did you decide to become an automobile designer?

h) Where are you going to work after graduating from our university?

i) Think about objects in your home. Which are particularly well-designed? Why? 

 

Find the equivalents for these Ukrainian words / phrases in the text. Check your answers with your partner.

Планування, намір, остаточний план, виконання (впровадження) плану, спеціалізуватись, мати справу з чимось, адаптація.