Match English words and combinations with their equivalents in Ukrainian:

1. headlight	a) трансмісія
2. transmission system 3. contemporary 4. wheelbase	b) основний агрегат (вузол) c) колісна база d) сучасний
5. steering mechanism	e) передня фара
6. major unit 7. road surface 8. off-road abilities	f) рульовий механізм g) покриття дороги h) поза шляхові можливості
9. windscreen	i) вітрове скло
10. handbrake	j) ручне гальмо

Translate these sentences. Find the Infinitive in them.

a) We had to stop to fill up the car.

b) He demanded to be told everything about the accident.

c) Drivers do their best to reduce the car body wear.

d) To protect the surface from heat and cold it was covered with special substance.

e) The new motor car was to be tested last spring.

f) There is no car in the showroom to speak of.

g) The branches of industry to be developed are interior and exterior design.

h) The problem to be discussed is connected with the oiling system.

i) This method is not good enough to be used at design engineering.

j) Where is the car to be repaired?

k) To transmit the power of the engine to the road wheels is the purpose of the transmission system.

l) The vehicle fails to accelerate properly when the accelerator pedal is depressed.

m) The internal combustion engine to be installed in this car is of a new design and very powerful.

n) To simplify the operating sequence, we will assume that our engine has only one cylinder.

o) The suspension system has to include shock absorbers.

5. A local newspaper has asked its readers to write articles entitled “How can we make our planet a safer place?” or “How can we reduce air pollution levels in our cities?” to be published in the newspaper. Pay attention to the following:

· There are a lot of sources of pollution (dumps, waste, manufacturing).

· Much pollution is caused by things that benefit people and a result of rapid advances in technology (cars, refrigerators; greenhouse effect, holes in ozone layer, ice melting, flooding, dangerous diseases).

· Automobile engine harms our environment (exhaust gases).

· There are different approaches that can be used to control pollution (to reduce, to lessen, to enforce, recycling, …).

Text 19.

THE HISTORY OF THE AUTOMOBILE   

 (I)  Car designers had explored just about every wheel configuration by the dawn of the 1960s. These even included wheels arranged in both as a short-lived production car and several prototypes. Pininfarina ’s X, though, pushed the parameters out further by using a rhomboid for the car’s ‘footprint’. This amazing 4-door sedan had 2 wheelbases – one from the single front wheel to the two in the center; and one from the center wheels to the rear wheel. The smoothly pointed nose had the car’s only steered wheel hidden deep in its center and was fronted by 3 headlights. It also had prominent chrome over riders beneath for protection. At the back, the single powered wheel was similarly concealed and the tail, housing the Fiat engine, was dominated by its twin stabilizing, buttress-type fins. Pininfarina was happy to build the car as a display showpiece for the Turin motor show. It was a serious study of aerodynamics and fuel economy, exploiting some of Morelli’s design patents. Pininfarina still has the car in its collection although not in the same form as it originated in fall 1960. The rear doors that hinged from the back were changed to front-hinged types before road testing. The X also led to Y, a city car prototype, similar in profile but with wheels back to their 4-cornered convention.

       The Amphicar is the only amphibious car to reach proper mass-production. As a plaything for rivers and calm lakes it was enormous fun. But for anything more seagoing it was a precarious hazard. The car was designed by German engineer Hans Trippel. It had a 2-part transmission with an adapted VW Beetle gearbox for the road and a two-speed (forward-and-back) in-water unit. The wheels and the twin propellers could operate independently and the steering wheel controlled the rudders – the front wheels. Two cars attempted to cross the English Channel. One broke down after letting in too much water and the second had to tow it. When the fuel tank was empty, it had to be refilled. The operation involved opening the roof and pouring the fuel into the tank from over the windscreen. Manufacturing stopped in 1963 after over-ambitious forecasts produced a huge inventory of parts.

       The Jeep Wagoneer was the first off-road vehicle with selectable 4-wheel drive, purpose-designed to be just as suitable for cruising on highways. There were a lot of visual tricks used, such as a waistline just below the side windows, slim window pillars and suggestions of fenders and running boards pressed into the lower side panels. The high-riding car also included a brand-new straight-six engine – the only American camshaft unit at that time. It had automatic transmission. It was the first purpose-designed SUV and became the longest-lived. Despite frequent cosmetic makeovers, the Wagoneer remained a timeless icon until 1992.