II. Раскройте скобки и употребите сказуемые в настоящем времени, прошедшем и будущем. Полученные словосочета -ния переведите.

Scientist (to be called); law (to be discovered); article (to be published); devices (to be used); pressure (to be measured); cell (to be built).

III. Сравните предложения в действительном и страдатель -ным залогах. Переведите их, обращая внимание на время глагола-сказуемого.

The students asked the lecturer many questions. The lecturer was asked many questions.

He taught us to use the lab equipment. We were taught to use the lab equipment.

Tomorrow our teacher will give us a new task. A new task will be given tomorrow. We shall be given a new task tomorrow.

Usually a lab assistant shows the equipment to the students. Usually the equipment is shown to the students by a lab assistant. Usually the students are shown the equipment by a lab assistant.

 

IV. Выберите предложения, сказуемые которых употреблены в страдательном залоге. Укажите, на какой признак Вы опирались. Переведите все предложения, обращая внимание на залог.

The development of science is closely connected with the development of higher education.

State spends a lot of money to train highly qualified engineers.

Students studying at institutes and universities passed their entrance exams in summer.

Some institutes of technology are reorganized into universities.

Any country must be provided with good specialists in all branches of science and technology for its further development.

 

V. Преобразуйте предложения в соответствии с моделью. Переведите их.

Model

The student translated the text. The text was translated by the student.

 

1. I finish my work at 5 o'clock.

2. The professor asked a student to prove the theorem.

3. They are building a new house.

4. The committee will award him the first prize.

5. He has already finished his experiment.

 

VI. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употреб -ление глаголов с предложным управлением в страдатель -ном залоге.

to follow by – следовать за

to speak of (about) – говорить о

to listen to – слушать кого-либо

to approve of – одобрять что-либо

to rely on (upon) – полагаться (на)

to be based upon (on) – основываться (на)

to refer to – ссылаться на

Model

The report was followed by a lively discussion. За докладом последовала оживленная дискуссия.

 

1. This article is much spoken about.

2. He was listened to with great attention.

3. The plan has been approved of.

4. The experimental model will be followed by mass production of these mechanisms.

5. The engineer’s calculations can be relied on.

6. This is the principle the electronic computer is based upon.

7. The original design of the new device was already referred to in some journals.

 

VII. Переведите предложения. Попытайтесь дать, где возможно, разные варианты перевода пассивной конструкции.

1. The inventor is known for his scientific achievement.

2. A considerable contribution to the development of physics was made by Newton.

3. Numerous new devices are being used in many branches of science and technology.

4. The first counting machine was invented by Charles Babbage.

5. K.Tsiolkovsky is called a space travel pioneer.

 

VIII. Переведите следующий текст, обращая внимание на залог сказуемых.

 

The Invention of the Telegraph

 

The first practical telegraph was invented by the famous English scientist Charles Wheatstone in 1837. His telegraph was used in England for several years. But the telegraph invented by the American inventor Samuel Morse was more successful. Morse began working on his model in 1832, the same year as Wheatstone, and completed it in 1837. He proposed to put it in use in the United States. The first experimental telegraph line between Washington and Baltimore was built is 1844.

Many improvements have been made on the Morse telegraph, including one by Thomas Edison, who invented the method of sending four messages over the same line at the same time.

 

Text 3B

 

Задание 1. Прочитайте текст и приготовьтесь выполнить следующие за ними задания.

 

Two Generations¹ of the Curies²

 

More than 100 years have passed since the birth of Marie Sklodowska-Curie (l867-l934), an outstanding Polish scientist, whose discoveries in physics and chemistry began the era of the utilization of atomic energy.

Marie lived to see her story repeated. Her daughter Irene grew into a woman with the same interests as her mother's and she was deeply interested in her mother's work. From Marie she learned all about radiology, about opened by her mother element radium and chose science for her career. At twenty-nine Irene married Frederic Joliot, a brilliant scientist at the Institute of Radium, which her parents, Marie and Pierre had founded.

Frederic Joliot was born in Paris in 1900. He first studied engineering and then chemistry. Together the Joliot-Curies carried on the research work that Irene's mother had begun. In 1935 Irene and her husband won the Nobel Prize for their discovery of artificial³ radioactivity.

So, Marie lived to see the completion⁴ of the great work, but she died on the eve⁵ of the award.

In 1946 Joliot was appointed scientific adviser to the International Atomic Energy Commission of the United Nations. Frederic Joliot-Curie was not only a famous scientist, but also a famous leader of the progressive movement for human rights.

The two generations of the Curies devoted their lives to science. Pierre Curie, famous for his discoveries in magnetism, provided an example of deep dedication⁶ to research. Marie, her daughter Irene and Irene's husband Frederic all died from radiation sickness, the result of long years of work with radioactive substances.

There is no parallel in the records of science to the dynasty of the Curies.

 

Notes to the text:

¹generation – поколение

²the Curies – династия Кюри

³artificial – искусственный

⁴completion – завершение

⁵on the eve – накануне

⁶dedication – посвящение

 

Задание 2. Соотнесите факты, приведенные в тексте 3В, с цифрами: 100, 29, 1900, 1935, 1945.
Прокомментируйте их.

Задание 3. Выберите утверждения, соответствующие содержанию текста 3В.

1. In 1967 it was 100 years since......

a) Marie Curie's discovery of radium;

b) Marie Curie's birth; 

c) Marie Curie's death.

2. Federic Joliot.......

a) founded the Institute of Radium;

b) worked at the Institute of Radium;

c) graduated from the Institute of Radium.

3. The Nobel Prize for the discovery of artificial radioactivity was awarded to......

Marie Curie;

Pierre Curie;

c) Irene and Frederic.

4. Marie, Irene and Frederic died...

from radiation sickness;

from an epidemic desease;

in a road accident.

5. Frederic Joliot was also...

a progressive writer;

a famous journalist;

a leader of the progressive movement.

 

Задание 4. Соотнесите наиболее важные открытия в области физики с именами их авторов.

1. Frederic Joliot	a. The discovery of radium
2. Marie Curie	b. The discovery of magnetism
3. Irene Curie	c. The discovery of artificial radioactivity
4. Pierre Curie

 

Задание 5. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста 3В.

Whose discoveries in physics and chemistry began the era of the utilization of atomic energy?

What career did Marie's daughter choose?

3. Whom did Irene marry?

4. Did Irene and Frederic complete the great work Marie had begun?

5. What are the members of the dynasty of the Curies famous for?

TEXT 3С

 

Задание 1. Переведите письменно следующий текст.

 

Alfred Nobel (1633-1896)

 

Alfred Nobel the great Swedish scientist and inventor, was а skilful chemist and excellent linguist, speaking Swedish, Russian, German, French and English. From his youth he had taken a serious interest in literature and philosophy. He was quick to see industrial opening for his scientific inventions. He combined the qualities of an original scientist with those of a forward looking industrialist.

He invented a new explosive-dynamite to improve the peaceful industries in mining and road building, but saw it was used as a weapon of war. His greatest wish was to see the end of wars and thus peace among nations. He spent much time and money working for this cause until his death. His famous will in which he left money to provide prizes for outstanding works in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology, Medicine, Literature and Peace is a memorial to his interests and ideas. A lover of mankind he is remembered and respected long after his death.

 

Text 3D

 

Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст 3D, выполните задания, следующие за ним.

 

How Was the First Computer Developed?

 

The first suggestion that a machine for mathematical computation could be built was made more than a hundred years ago by the mathematician Charles Babbage. We now realize that he under- stood clearly all the fundamental principles of modern digital computers.

Babbage was born in Devonshire, England, in 1792. He did not receive a good education but he himself taught mathematics so well that when he went to Cambridge he found that he knew more algebra than his tutor.

At that time mathematics in Cambridge was still under the influence of Newton and was quite unaffected by the contemporary developments on the Continent.

Babbage was an outstanding personality among his contemporaries because he insisted on the practical application of science and mathematics. For example, he wrote on the economic advantages of mass production, and on the development of machine-tools.

In 1812 he was sitting in his room looking at a table of logarithms which he knew to be full of mistakes, when an idea of computing all tabular functions by machinery occurred to him. Babbage constructed a small working model which he demonstrated in 1822. The Royal Society supported the project and Babbage was promised a subsidy.

In 1833 he began to think of building a machine which was, in fact, the first universal digital computer, as the expression is understood today. Babbage devoted the rest of his life to an attempt to develop it. He had to finance the work himself and he was only able to finish part of the machine though he prepared thousands of detailed drawings from which it could be made.

Babbage wrote more than 80 books and papers, but he was misunderstood by his contemporaries and died a disappointed man in 1871. He tried to solve himself and with his own resources a series of problems which required the united efforts of two generations of engineers.

After his death his son continued his work and built the part of an arithmetic unit which printed out its results directly on paper.

 

Задание 2. Прочтите следующие слова, обращая внимание на их транскрипцию:

suggestion [sə’dʒestʃən], machine [mə’ʃi:n], mathematician [,mæƟimə’tiʃən], digital [‘didʒitəl], mathematics [,mæƟi’mætiks],
algebra [‘ældʒibrə], resources [ri’sɔ:siz], series [‘siəri:z], efforts [‘efəts],
logarithms [‘lɔɡəriƟəmz], occur [ə’kə:], model [‘mɔdl], subsidy [‘sʌbsidi], arithmetic [ə’riƟmətik].

 

Задание 3. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний и фраз.

the fundamental principles of a computer; to receive education; to be under the influence of; to be unaffected by; contemporary developments in science; to insist upon the application of mathematics; to write a paper on a problem; an idea occured to him; to support a project; to devote efforts to; the rest of his life; to solve a series of problems; to build an arithmetic unit from drawings.

 

Задание 4. Найдите в тексте 3 D английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

объединенные усилия, первое предположение, экономические преимущества массового производства, тысячи подробных чертежей, разочарованный человек.

 

Задание 5. Сгруппируйте следующие слова и словосочетания в синонимичные пары и переведите их.

1 basic laws 2. to be dominated by 3. prominent 4. to show; 5. to back 6. to give much time 7. to be not understood

a. to devote much time b. to demonstrate с. to be misunderstood d. to support e. fundamental principles f. outstanding g. to be under the influence of

 

Задание 6. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, используя предыдущее упражнение. Предложения переведите.

1. Не understood all the basic laws of modern digital computers.

2. At that time mathematics in Cambridge was dominated by Newton.

3. Babbage was a prominent man among his contemporaries.

4. He showed a working model of his machine in 1822.

5. The Royal Society backed his project.

6. He gave much time to the development of his machine.

7. Babbage was not understood by his contemporaries.

 

Задание 7. Сгруппируйте слова в словосочетания и переведите их.

to solve; to receive; to develop; to support

education; machine; project; problem.

Задание 8. Составьте как можно больше предложений, используя приведенные ниже фразы. Переведите полученные предложения.

1. Charles Babbage is famous for 2. Babbage thought of 3. He insisted on

a) building a machine; b) applying mathematics to industry; c) computing tabular functions by machinery; d) solving this problem as soon as possible; e) teaching mathematics at Cambridge.

 

Задание 9. Преобразуйте следующие предложения в соответствии с моделью.

Model:

We use computers in research. Computers are used in research.

 

1. The Royal Society promised him a subsidy.

2. The contemporary developments on the Continent did not affect mathematics in Cambridge.

3. The Royal Society supported his project.

4. Babbage devoted the rest of his life to an attempt to develop a computer.

5. He did not finish the machine.

6. He constructed а small working model of a computing machine.

7. He demonstrated it in 1822.

8. His son continued his work.

 

Задание 10. Подтвердите или опровергните следующие высказывания, используя речевые модели.

Для подтверждения: I quite agree with you. You’re quite right. That's right.

Для опровержения: I don't think so. I don't think you are right. I'm afraid, you're mistaken.

1. The idea of a computing machine was first suggested 50 years ago.

2. At that time mathematics in Cambridge was unaffected by the contemporary developments on the Continent.

3. Babbage was a pure mathematician, he was against the practical application of mathematics.

4. Babbage constructed a working model of the first universal digital computer.

5. He was given a large sum of money to complete his work.

6. He prepared many drawings from which the machine could be made.

7. Charles Babbage’s life was a success and he died a happy man.

8. The arithmetic unit constructed by his son could print out its results directly on paper.

 

Задание 11. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. Who was the first to suggest the idea of a machine for mathematical computation?

2. Did Charles Babbage receive a good education?

3. What University did he study at?

4. What did Charles Babbage insist upon?

5. What did he demonstrate before the Royal Society?

6. Did the Royal Society support his project?

7. Could Babbage complete the building of the machine in his lifetime?

8. Why did he fail to fulfil his project?

9. Why did he die a disappointed man?

10. Who continued his work?

11. What could the first arithmetic unit do?

 

Задание 12. Подготовьте сообщения по следующим темам:

1). A few facts from Charles Babbage’s biography.

2). The role played by Charles Babbage in the world science.

Unit 4

 

Scientific and Technological Progress

 

Грамматика Модальные глаголы Эквиваленты модальных глаголов Функции глаголов “to be” u “to have”   Тексты 4A. Scientific and Technological Progress in Modern Society 4B. Science and International Cooperation 4C. Tasks of Science and Scientists 4D. Coordinated Science Centre.

 

Словарь активной лексики

to advance – делать успехи, развиваться

advanced – передовой

to affect – воздействовать, влиять

syn. to influence

condition – условие, состояние

4. to conduct – руководить

syn. to lead, to direct

5. to control [kən’troul] – управлять, контролировать

6. to develop – развивать, разрабатывать

7. effort [‘efət] – усилие

8. to explore – исследовать

exploration – исследование

9. institution – учреждение

10. to join – соединять(ся)

joint – соединенный, общий, совместный

11. to launch [‘lɔ:ntʃ] – запускать(спутник), пускать в ход

12. nucleus [‘nju:kliəs] – ядро

nuclei [‘nju:kliai] – ядра

nuclear [‘nju:kliə] – ядерный

13. particle – частица

14. purpose [‘pə:pəs] – цель

syn. aim, objective, goal

15. power – энергия, сила, мощность

16. promising – перспективный, многообещающий

17. to require [ri’kwaiə] – требовать

requirement – требование

18. space – пространство, место, космос

19. speed – скорость

to speed up – ускорять

syn. to accelerate

20. technology – техника, технология

syn. engineering