Замените выделенные местоимения противоположными по значению.

Образец: Everybody was present. - Nobody was present.

1. Everything was ready. 2. We saw flowers everywhere. 3. There was place for everybody. 4. Everyone wore a hat. 5. He told the news to everyone. 6. Tell me everything about your journey. 7. We expect somebody else. 8. He is afraid of someone. 9. They supposed something of the kind. 10. It be­longs to someone. 11. She wrote of something else.

 

16. Выразите мысль следующих предложений при помощи утвердитель­ной формы сказуемого и отрицательных местоимений.

Образец: We didn't expect anybody to dinner. - We expected no­body to dinner.

1. The book doesn't give any information on the history of engineering. 2. He doesn't know anything about it. 3. I have not given my address to any one. 4. There isn't any atmosphere in space. 5. The students didn't do anything on the day after the examination. 6. I do not know anybody in this city. 7. My son cannot speak any foreign language. 8. We haven't been anywhere this week. 9. He didn't see anybody in the room.

 

17. Употребите в ответе отрицательные слова "nobody", "nowhere", "never", "nothing", "no one", "no".

Образец: When I don't know any student in the group I say: "I know no one (no student) in the group".

1. What do you say when you don't sее any things on the table? 2. What do you say when you don't see any people in the room? 3. What do you say when you don't go to any place on the next day? 4. What do we see in a dark-room? 5. Can you buy any­thing without money? 6. Do you ever sleep with open eyes? 7. What letter comes before "A"? 8. What letter comes after "Z"?

 

18. Выберите соответствующее неопределенное местоимение из ука­занных в скобках.

1.... students of our group will take part in the confe­rence. (some, any) 2. Do you know... foreign language? (some, any) 3. I shall go... onSunday. (somewhere, anywhere) 4. Will you go... in summer? (somewhere, anywhere) 5. I know... here. (anybody, nobody) 6. I don't know... here. (anybody, nobody) 7. You have... mistakes in your test-paper. (any, no) 8. This book doesn't give... information on the history of this Insti­tute. (no, any). 9. This book gives... information on the history of this Institute. (some, any)

 

19. Заполните пропуски местоимениями " some ", " any ", " no ".

1. Have they got... factories in the town? 2. Yes, they have.... 3. Do... of the factories make cameras? 4. No, they haven’t got... factories that make cameras. 5. They have … camera factories in the town. 6. You may take... book you like. 7. Do you study... foreign language at college? 8. They think that English is easy for them. They have... problems with it. 9. She may go to the cinema with you. She has got... classes.

 

20. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Помните о различных значениях слова “ that (those)”.

1. We know that any experiment must be done with great accuracy. 2. That lecture will give you more information than any book. 3. It is clear that that problem cannot be solved with the help of old methods. 4. I think that the research that is carried by them is to be finished this year. 5. In the 17th century Galileo declared that the earth moved around the sun; those who lived at that time believed that the sun moved around the earth. 8. That he agreed to help his friend is only natural. 7. Those children are always noisy. 8. That happened the year when I entered the Institute. 9. That was the thing that he wanted.

 

21. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на слова-замес­тители “ that (those)”.

1. The design of this new device is as important as that of this machine. 2. The reserves of oil in the USA are large, but not as large as those of coal. 3. The story of the telephone is similar to that of the telegraph. 4. These methods of production are different from those used in this district. 5. The strength of the plastic body of a car is equal to that made of metal, but it has one great advantage over metal - it is more durable. 6. The atmosphere of Jupiter is different from that of the Earth. 7. People who study languages like those that play the piano must have much practice. 8. The color of aluminium is white, that of gold is yellow. 9. The properties of a liquid are different from those of a gas.

 

22. Переведите приложения на русский язык, обращая особое вни­мание на перевод слова " one ".

Образцы: Aluminium is one of the lightest metals - Алюминий -один из самых легких металлов (числительное).

Has this story a happy end or a bad one? - У этой по­вести счастливый конец или плохой? (слово-заместитель).

One can easily forget foreign words that one does not use. - Легко забыть (можно легко забыть) иностранные слова, которыми не пользуешься. (неопределенное местоимение)

 

1. Metal is a good conductor of heat while wood is a bad one. 2. I have one small room but a very good one; one can work quietly there. 3. One must choose a profession which one likes. 4. Who teaches you English: your old teacher or a new one? 5. There is one mistake in your exercise, but a very bad one; one must not make such bad mistakes. 6. My friend lives in one room with his brother. 7. One must not expect to find plant life in the Antarctic. 8. One cannot see the reactor itself, only its cover. 9. This person is one of the most honored men in our city. 10. One has to study languages systematically. 11. One can easily forget words that one does not use. 12. I shall have to buy a new coat for myself and another one for my sister. 13. One thing is clear to everybody: one must study hard if one wants to pass one’s examinations well. 14. This T.V. set is very expensive, show me another one. 15. One never knows what may happen. 16. Give me the English book, please. Which one? The one which is lying on the table. 17. Lomonosov’s road to the summits of science was a difficult one. 18. The Siberian summer is one of dry atmosphere and brilliant sunshine. 19. What is the aim of such experiment as the one just performed in this laboratory? 20. We will replace the old machines by new ones.

23. Переведите предложения, обращая особое внимание на слово-заместитель “ one ”.

1. The apparatus which the plant sent to our laboratory last month is a modern one. 2. This dress is very large. Will you show me another one? 3. Your diagram is wrong. Use the one which is in the instruction book. 4. The experiment which we made yesterday was a difficult one. 5. For the experiment take a glass tube from the shelf and a metal one from the stand. 6. These pipes are short. Give me the long ones. 7. The replacement of stone tools by metal ones thousands of years ago was a great step in man’s progress. 8. We have to build special solar stations to convert energy into electrical one.

 

24. Переведите предложения с подлежащим, выраженным неопределенным местоимением “ one ”.

1. One must say that you are not right in that case. 3. One can’t say that your answers are good. You have to review some grammar rules. 4. One mustn’t cross the street when the signal is red. 5. One can easily imagine how glad you will be when you see an old friend of yours. 6. One can notice new elements in the design of modern buildings. 7. One can find every type of climate and weather in our country. 8. One can get any foreign book in the reading hall of this library. 9. When one takes correspondence courses one should study regularly. 10. One does not have to be a scientist or to have imagination of a Jules Verne to understand the magnificent feat of our people in launching the first manned spaceships.

 

25. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на слово “ one (ones), that (those)”. Выпишите все значения этих слов.

1. One cannot understand the reason why the bridge has collapsed. 2. It occurred to me, that there should be a person responsible for it. 3. The trouble is that they haven’t calculated the exact speed of the car. 4. This device is an ordinary one. 5. The scientist answered that they were going to find a new way of getting valuable minerals. 6. He said that the question should be discussed at once. 7. This advanced method allows one to get good results. 8. They know that the building had collapsed. 9. One should be very careful when crossing the street. 10. The remark that he made was of no importance. 11. That was the distance that they covered in one hour. 12. The properties of gold are different from those of iron. 13. One never knows what to expect in this case. 14. The research of solar radiation as well as that of the earth’s magnetic field became possible due to sputniks. 15. This was one of the reasons for the lengthening of the bus route. 16. The problems of water supply in this town are as important as those of lighting. 17. That Professor Fox held an open house was rather important for Eric.

                               

ARTICLES (АРТИКЛИ)

    Артикли являются основными определителями имен существительных. Система английских артиклей включает в себя:

- неопределенный артикль — а   или an. Форма “ a ” употребляется перед словами, начинающихся с согласного звука: a table, a book, a child, a pilot, a student, a room. Кроме того, артикль ‘ а’ употребляется со словами, начинающимися с гласной буквы, но согласного звука: a university, a Euporean country. Форма неопределенного артикля “ an ” употребляется перед словами, начинающимися с гласного звука: an author, an arm, an animal, an examination, an opportunity, an apple, an hour.

- определенный артикль - the. Артикль произносится как перед словами, начинающимися с согласного звука: the table, the book, the bank, так и перед словами, начинающимися с гласного звука: the umbrella, the organization, the airport, the university.

- нулевой артикль, или отсутствие артикля.

Употребление артикля

Неопределенный артикль произошел от числительного one (один) и поэтому употребляется, как правило, с исчисляемыми существительными только в единственном числе. Неопределенный артикль только указывает на то, что предмет принадлежит к какому-нибудь классу предметов, но не выделяет его из однородных предметов. Так a house вызывает представление о доме вообще, как о жилом здании или строении, но не представление об определенном доме. Часто значение неопределенного артикля можно выразить такими словами, как один, всякий, любой, какой-нибудь, некий. Do you want a cup of tea? Alice works in a bank. I bought a hat and an umbrella. This is an interesting book. Существительные bread, water, salt, paper, weather, money, information, advice, news, etc. относятся к неисчисляемым существительным, так как они обозначают вещество или абстрактные понятия. С неисчисляемыми существительными в этом значении используется местоимение some: some water, some bread, some salt, some food, some music. Bring me some water, please. – Принеси мне, пожалуйста, воды. I need some salt - Мне нужна соль.

Определенный артикль произошел от указательного местоимения that (тот). Он употребляется с исчисляемыми существительными, как в единственном, так и во множественном числе, и с неисчисляемыми существительными.

Определенный артикль указывает на индивидуально-определенное лицо им предмет (лица или предметы), выделяя его из всех лиц или предметов данного класса. Так, the house вызывает представление о совершенно определенном доме, который имеет определенные признаки, отличающие его от всех других домов, или известен собеседнику, или упоминался раньше. Значение определенного артикля можно часто передать словами этот, эти, тот, те. I wrote to her, but the letter never arrived. Can you turn off (выключить) the radio, please? I want to listen to some music. All the books belong (принадлежат) to me.

 

Exercise 1. Вставьте a/an или some.

1) I read …. newspaper a listened to …. music. 2) I need …. money. 3) I want to buy ….. food. 4) I’m going to open …. window and get … fresh air. 5) She didn’t eat much for lunch – only …. apple and ….. bread. 6) We live in …. big house. There is …. nice garden with …. beautiful trees. 7) We talked to her and she gave …. very good advice (совет). 8) I want to write …. letter. I need …. pen and …. paper. 9) We had …. nice weather when we were on holiday. 10) I need …. new car. 11) The tourist guide gave us …. information about the town. 12) I need …. information about hotels in London. 13) Would you like (Не хотите ли) …. cheese? 14) When we were in London, we stayed in …. small hotel.

 

Exercise 2. Вставьте a/an или the.

1) Excuse me (извините), can I ask you …. question? 2) ‘What time is it?’ ‘I don’t know. I haven’t got …. watch.’ 3) Alan is …. best player in our football team. 4) Peter and Mary have two children, …. boy and …. girl. 5) Yesterday I bought …. jacket and …. shirt. ….. jacket was cheap but …. shirt was expensive. 6) Britain is …. island. 7) What is ….. largest island in the world? 8) We didn’t enjoy our holiday. ….. hotel was terrible. 9) I wrote to her but …. letter never arrived. 10) Montreal is ….. large city in Canada. 11) What is …. name of this village? 12) You look very tired. You need …. holiday. 13) Don’t seat on …. floor. It’s very dirty. 14) ‘Let’ go to ….. restaurant this evening.’ ‘That’s …. good idea. Which restaurant shall we go to?’

 

Exercise 3. Вставьте a / an или the.

  1) There is …. park behind this hospital. There are …. beautiful trees in …. park. 2) There is …. good film on TV this …. evening. I’m going to watch it. 3) Where is … bus station? …. bus station is next to …. gas station. 4) There is … tea in my glass. There is no … tea in my friend’s … glass. His … glass is empty. 5) My … mother is …. doctor. She works at … large … hospital. 6) His sister is at …. school. She is … pupil. 7) My cousin has … big black cat. This cat has got two …. kittens. … cat likes … milk. …. kittens like …. milk too. 8) Have they got …. car? - Yes, they have. Their … car is not very expensive but reliable. 9) Would you like …. orange? – Yes, thank you. 10) I have … bicycle. …. bicycle is blue. My…. friend has got …. black bicycle. 11) I’ve got … problem. Can you help me? 12) My sister has just got … job in … bank in Manchester. 13) My friends live in … old house in … small village. There is … beautiful garden behind … house. I would like to have … garden like that. 14) This morning I bought …. newspaper and …. magazine. …. newspaper is in my bag but I don’t know where I put …. magazine. 15) I saw … car accident this morning. …. car crashed into …. tree. …. driver of … car wasn’t hurt but ….. car was badly damaged. 16) There two cars parked outside: …. blue one and … grey one. …. blue one belongs to my neighbors. I don’t know who … owner (владелец) of … grey car is.