Unit 13 oil field development

Words to be remembered:

 

term – термин

field development – разработка месторождения

drilling – бурение

lifting – подъем

surface – поверхность

in accordance with – в соответствии с чем-либо

to take into consideration – учитывать

exploratory drilling – разведочное бурение

exploitation – эксплуатация, использование

to consist in – заключаться в чем-либо

spacing – размещение, расположение

row – ряд

regular geometrical grid – правильная геометрическая решетка

permeability – проницаемость

oil content – содержание нефти

average rate of production – средняя скорость добычи, дебит

close spacing – близкое расположение

to drop – падать, уменьшаться

recovery – добыча

to increase – увеличиваться, возрастать

 

By the term ‘oil field development’ the complex of work connected with the drilling of the oil field and the lifting of oil to the surface is meant.

Oil fields are developed in accordance with special projects which take into consideration the natural condi­tions of the field and the latest achievements in science and engineering. The development project is based on the data obtained during exploratory drilling and exploitation of the first oil wells.

One of the most important problems in working out a development project consists in the opti­mal spacing of the producing wells, because this determines the total number of wells in a field. This choice of well spacing is dictated by the geological features of the field and is based on hydrodynamic and economical cal­culations.

The choice of the system of well spacing over the area of an oil field is also of great importance in working out a development project.

At present two systems of producing well spacing are practiced: spacing in rows or in regular geometrical grids. Wells are spaced in rows if the strata are characterized by a good permeability and high oil content. The aver­age spacing of the rows and wells is 400-800 meters.

A regular grid pattern of well spacing (triangular or square) is used on small oil fields, and also in developing fields in strata with a poor permeability of the rock. In the first case the wells are spaced 300-400 meters apart, and in the second case – 150-250 meters.

A regular grid pattern with the wells spaced 150-250 met­ers apart is characteristic of old oil fields brought into exploitation over 20 years ago.

Theoretical considerations and the experience gained in developing oil fields show that with a close spacing of producing wells, their interaction becomes more pronounced, and the average rate of production drops. On the contrary, with an excessively large spacing of wells in an oil field there may remain undeveloped sections, current oil recovery will be low owing to the insufficient number of wells drilled, and the duration of oil field development will increase.

 

Questions on the text:

 

1) What is ‘oil field development’? 2) How are oil fields developed? 3) What is one of the most important problems in working out a project? 4) What does optimal spacing determine? 5) What two systems of well spacing are practiced today? 6) When are wells spaced in rows?  7) What is the distance between wells in this case?  8) When is a regular grid pattern of well spacing used? 9) What is the distance between wells on a small field? 10) When are wells spaced 150-250 meters apart? 11) What does the experience gained in developing oil fields show?

 

 

PART III

ОБОРОТ " There + be "

Для того, чтобы выделить какое-либо слово в английском языке, употребляется оборот there+be (в личной форме), состоящий из формального подлежащего there, которое не переводится, и глагола to be в значении «быть», «находиться», «существовать». То слово, которое нужно выделить, стоит сразу же за оборотом, и с ним глагол to be согласуется в лице и числе. При переводе предложений с оборотом there+be нужно помнить, что   слово, стоящее сразу же за ним, необходимо поставить в конец русского предложения. Перевод такого предложения начинается с обстоятельства, затем – сказуемое, и в конце – слово, стоящее за оборотом.

Если обстоятельство отсутствует, переводится сразу сказуемое (например: есть, имеются, существуют).

 

There is a book on the table. – На столе лежит книга.

(Сравните: The book is on the table. – Книга лежит на столе.)

There are different sources of energy. – Существуют различные источники энергии.

There will be a lecture tomorrow. – Завтра будет лекция.

There must be a lecture today. – Сегодня должна быть лекция.

Иногда в этом обороте вместо глагола to be могут употребляться глаголы to exist - существовать, to live, to lie, to hang и т.п.

There exist many sources of energy. – Существует много источников энергии.

    Exercises:

  1.Найдите подлежащее в каждом предложении и укажите, в чем

разница в конструкции парных предложений.

1. Тhere was an examination on the 12th of June. The examination was very difficult. 2. Many flags will decorate the houses on the lst of May. There will bе many flags decorating the houses. 3. There is a telegram for you. The telegram is on the table. 4. The snow was all around. There was snow all around.