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Prepositions of Place – MovementСодержание книги
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1. The books are on the table. The cat is in the basket. 2. B is next to/by/beside C. C is between B and D. A is on the left and D is on the right. 3. A is in front of B. C is behind B. D is opposite E.
4. The man came out of the house and got into the car. 5. They walked up the hill. They walked down the hill. 6. Some people say it is unlucky to walk under a ladder. The aeroplane flew over/ above the mountains.
7. The old road goes through the village but the new road goes (a)round the village. 8. She took the dog for a walk along the road. The dog swam across the river. 9. The car is opposite the traffic lights and it’s going towards the park.
Adjectives/Adverbs
· Adjectives describe nouns. They say what something is like. Adjectives come before nouns or after the verb to be. They have the same form in the singular and plural. This is a nice book. (What’s the book like? Nice.) This bus is slow. (What’s the bus like? Slow.) These buses are slow. (NOT: Formation of Adjectives Many adjectives are formed from nouns and verbs by taking the following suffixes. - ful wonder - wonderful - ical economy - economical - ive act-active - less colour - colourless - ous adventure – adventurous - ed crowd-crowded - ing excite-exciting Adverbs describe verbs. They say how, where, when or how often someone does something. He left the class quickly. (How did he leave the class? Quickly.) She saw Jim yesterday. (When did she see Jim? Yesterday.) Formation of Adverbs · We usually form an adverb by adding -ly to an adjective, quiet - quietly · Adjectives ending in -le, drop -e and take -y. comfortable - comfortably, simple - simply · Adjectives ending in consonant + y drop y and take -ily. happy - happily, easy - easily Irregular adverbs:
She’s a good cook. She cooks well. Adjectives/Adverbs - Order of Adjectives Order of Adjectives There are opinion adjectives and fact adjectives. Opinion adjectives such as smart, bad, etc show what a person thinks of somebody or something. Fact adjectives such as short, big, old, etc give us factual information about age, size, colour, origin, material, etc. Opinion adjectives go before fact adjectives, a beautiful young woman When there are two or more fact adjectives in a sentence, they usually go in the following order:
· We do not usually use a long list of adjectives before a single noun. We normally use up to three adjectives to describe a noun, a tall handsome man Claire found an old wooden clock in the attic. Too - Enough Too comes before adjectives or adverbs. It has a negative meaning and shows that something is more than enough, more than necessary or more than wanted, too + adjective/adverb... + to-infinitive It’s too cold to go to the beach. (It’s so cold that we can’t go to the beach.) Enough comes before nouns but after adjectives or adverbs. It has a positive meaning and shows that there is as much of something as wanted or needed, adjective/adverb + enough | + to...infinitive enough + noun | She speaks clearly enough for me to understand. (I can understand her.) I have enough money to buy a computer. (I can buy one.) not... enough + to-infinitive (negative meaning) She is not old enough to drive a car. (She isn’t allowed to drive a car.) too... (for somebody/something) + to-infinitive (negative meaning) The potatoes are too hot for me to eat. (I can’t eat them.)
Comparatives - Superlatives Use · We use the comparative form to compare two people, animals, things, places, etc. We use than with comparative adjectives. A giraffe is taller than an elephant. · We use the superlative form to compare one person, animal, thing etc with more than one person, animal, thing etc in the same group. Mike is the fastest runner on the team. · We use the... of/in with the superlative form. We use in with the superlative when we talk about places. She’s the brightest student of all. It’s the most comfortable chair in the house. (NOT: · We use (not) as + adjective + as to show that two people, things etc are (not) similar. Isabelle is not as tall as Clare. · We use less + adjective + than to show that two people, things, places etc are not equal in a quality. The train is less expensive than the plane. (= The plane is more expensive than the train.) · We use much/a lot/far/a little/a bit/slightly + comparative to show that there is a great or a small difference in a quality between two people, things etc. He’s much stronger than her. Our house is a lot smaller than theirs. · Adverbs formed by adding -ly to the adjective take more in the comparative and most in the superlative form. quietly - more quietly - most quietly Form · With one-syllable and two-syllable adjectives, we form the comparative by adding -er, and the superlative by adding -est. small - smaller - smallest · With adjectives of more than two syllables we form the comparative with more and the superlative with the most, interesting - more interesting - the most interesting · With some two-syllable adjectives, such as friendly, clever, etc, we form the comparative and superlative either with -er/-est or with more/most. clever - cleverer - cleverest or clever - more clever - most clever Spelling · With one-syllable adjectives ending in -e, we add -r in the comparative and -st in the superlative form. large - larger - largest · With one-syllable adjectives ending in vowel + consonant, we double the last consonant and add -er/-est. big - bigger - biggest · With two-syllable adjectives ending in -ly, -y, we change the -y to i and add -er/-est. busy - busier - busiest
Read the examples · very + adjective/adverb He was very loud./He spoke very' loudly. · much + comparative form of adjective/ adverb He was much better this time./He played much better this time. (not) as + adjective/adverb + as Tom is as fast as Bill. She isn’t as tall as him. a bit + comparative form of adjective/ adverb She’s a bit better today than she was yesterday.
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