Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну

 

 

 

 

АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА

 

ДОВІДНИК

з граматики англійської мови

для студентів економічних спеціальностей

 

 

 

 

 

Київ, 2011

 

Кузякіна М.Л. Англійська мова: Довідник з граматики англійської мови для студентів економічних спеціальностей: Довідник. – Київ: КНУТД, 2011.

 

 

Рецензенти:

 

Глушкова Г.М. – кандидат філологічних наук, доцент Донецького юридичного інституту МВС України;

Цвєткова Г.Г. – кандидат педагогічних наук, доцент Слов’янського державного педагогічного університету.

 

 

Метою данного довідника є систематизація отриманих знань і надання допомоги в підготовці як до звичайних тестів, так і до вступних іспитів до магістратури.

Довідник містить тестові вправи, що охоплюють такі розділи граматики англійської, як артикль, дієслово (часи, безособові форми, стан, умовний спосіб, модальні дієслова), прикметник, прислівник, займенник та інше.

Даний довідник складається з 2 розділів: теоретичного та практичного. Теоретичний розділ містить 20 основних тем граматики англійської мови, де роз’яснено правила та подано рекомендації до вживання. У практичному розділі до кожної теми представлено кілька видів вправ, які відрізняються різноманітністю і ступенем складності за рівнями.

В кінці подано список форм неправильних дієслів англійської мови.

 

 

PREFACE

 

To succeed at doing tests requires less art than craft. And, as we all know, craft can be learned. With some teaching, almost all of us can grasp enough of the basics to lay bricks, bake a cake, play a simple tune on the piano, sew a seam, fix a carburetor, and play tennis. With lots of practice, many of us could probably even aspire to do all those things terrifically. And so it goes with doing tests, listening, reading, writing, and speaking English.

The Manual presented is designed to improve the job-related English of students trained to work in the economic sphere. The course consists of 20 units formed as separate tests, which deal with different grammar aspects. The units are self-contained. Great emphasis has been also placed on the vocabulary. Throughout the tests, attention is given to as much authenticity of texts and tasks as possible.

The design of the course allows great flexibility. Units need not be approached in the order in which they appear and not only for testing but for skills development either.

The Manual might take fear out and put the excitement back into doing tests and learning the language.

 

CONTENT

		I Theory	II Practice
1.	Articles
2.	Plural Nouns
3.	Personal Pronouns - There/It/One
4.	Possessive Case
5.	Reflexive Pronouns
6.	Demonstratives (this/that/these/those)
7.	Prepositions of Place – Movement
8.	Adjectives/Adverbs
9.	Present Simple vs Present Continuous
10.	Past Simple vs Past Continuous
11.	Used to\ would
12.	Past Simple vs Present Perfect
13.	Past Simple vs Past Perfect
14.	Ways of expressing future
15.	Reported Speech
16.	Passive Voice
17.	Conditionals
18.	Modal verbs
19.	Relative Clauses
20.	Gerund and Infinitive
The list of irregular verbs

 

I THEORY

Articles

The Indefinite Article ‘A/An’

 

a company an enterprise

a + consonant sound (/b/, /d/, /g/, /l/, /f/, /p/, etc)

an + vowel sound (/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/)

a/an is used:

· with singular countable nouns after the verb to be to say what someone/something is.

He’s a manager.

It’s an alarm clock.

· with the verb have (got).

Nancy has (got) a work station.

· in certain expressions when we want to show how often we do something.

He visits his head office once a week.

a/an is not used:

· with uncountable nouns or plural countable nouns. We use some instead of a/an.

We must buy some sugar.

(NOT: a sugar)

They signed some documents.

· before an adjective if it is not followed by a noun. If the adjective is followed by a noun, we use a if the adjective begins with a consonant sound and an if the adjective begins with a vowel sound.

It’s a firm. It’s small. It’s a small firm.

This is Mary’s project. It’s new. It’s an expensive project.

 

A/An/One (s)/Other (s)

 

· We use a/an to refer to an unspecified thing. He bought a pet. (We are not talking about a specific pet.)

· We use one to put emphasis on number.

He bought one hat. (He didn’t buy two hats.)

· We use a/an + adjective + one.

I am going to look for a new car. I want a fast one. (NOT: I want a fast.)

· We use one with the words night/morning/ day/time, etc, usually in narration.

One morning, I decided that I would never go back there.

· We use one or one of... when we refer to one person/thing out of many. It sometimes contrasts with the other(s).

One woman was tall, but the others were rather short.

· We use a/an or one with no difference in meaning when we count or measure time, distance, weight, etc.

He will be away for an/one hour.

The shop is a/one kilometre away.

She weighs a/one hundred kilos.

Our new TV cost a/one thousand pounds.

· We use one in the singular and ones in the plural to avoid repeating the noun when it is clear what we mean.

My new jacket is much nicer than my old one. (= my old jacket)

I’m not interested in computer games, except for strategy ones. (= strategy games)

 

The Definite Article ‘The’

 

The definite article the is used with countable and uncountable nouns, the woman, the trees, the music

The is used:

· with nouns when we are talking about something specific, that is, when the noun is mentioned for a second time or is already known.

I bought a new pair of shoes and a dress. The shoes are black and the dress is purple.

· with nouns which are unique (the sun, the moon, the earth, etc).

· with the names of rivers (the Thames), seas (the Mediterranean Sea), oceans (the Atlantic Ocean), mountain ranges (the Alps), deserts (the Sahara), groups of islands (the Easter Islands) and countries when they include words such as ‘state’, ‘kingdom’, ‘republic’, etc (the United Kingdom).

· with the names of musical instruments (the guitar, the flute) and dances (the waltz).

· with the names of hotels (the Hilton Hotel), theatres/cinemas (the Broadway Theatre), ships (the Queen Elizabeth), organisations (the WWF), newspapers (The Guardian) and museums (the Van Gogh Museum).

· with nationality words (the Russians) and names of families (the Smiths).

The is not used:

· with uncountable and plural countable nouns when talking about something in general, that is, when we cannot answer the question ‘Who?’ or ‘Which?’.

Lizards are reptiles. (Which lizards? Lizards in general.)

· with proper nouns. Ted is a nice boy.

· with the names of countries (Italy), cities (Paris), streets (Coventry Street), parks (Hyde Park), mountains (Mount Everest), railway stations (King Cross Station), bridges (London Bridge), individual islands (Cyprus), lakes (Lake Victoria) and continents (Africa).

· with titles when the name of the person is not mentioned (the King, the Queen of England) BUT; Queen Elizabeth.

· with the words morning, afternoon and evening.

They play rugby in the afternoon.

· with the words station, shop, cinema, pub, library, city, village, etc.

She was at the library studying for her exams.

· with historical periods/events (the Ice Age, the Middle Ages, the French Revolution, the Second World War) BUT: World War II.

· with the words only, last, first (used as adjectives).

Colin ate the last piece of apple pie.

· with adjectives/adverbs in the superlative form. Susan is the most beautiful woman I’ve ever seen.

· We use the + adjective (without a noun) to refer to a group of people, usually with these adjectives: poor, rich, sick, injured, elderly, unemployed, homeless, disabled, young, old, dead, blind, deaf, handicapped, mentally ill. The government should take action for the homeless.

· with the names of sports, games, activities, school subjects, days, months, celebrations, colours, drinks, meals and languages (when they are not followed by the word ‘language’).

I speak Spanish. BUT: The Spanish language is spoken in many countries.

· after the words this/that/these/those

(this suit, those people) (NOT: this-the-suit).

· with possessive adjectives or the possessive case.

That isn’t your notebook. It’s Jake’ s.

· with titles when the person’s name is mentioned (Princess Diane, Lord Sandwich).

· with two-word names when the first word is the name of a person or place (Schipholl Airport) BUT: the White House, with names of pubs, shops, banks and hotels named after the people who started them or end in -s or -’s. Natwest Bank, Dougie’s pub BUT: the Tiger (pub) (because Tiger is not a name of a person or place)

· with the words school, church, bed, hospital, college, university, court, prison or home when we refer to the purpose for which they exist.

Sue was in hospital. (She was a patient there.) Sue’s aunt went to the hospital to see her. (She went to the hospital as a visitor.)

· with the words home, father/mother when we talk about our own home/parents.

Mother is at home.

· with means of transport: by bus/car/train/ plane, etc. 1 go to work by bus.

with the names of illnesses. He’s got arthritis. BUT: flu/the flu, measles/the measles, mumps/the mumps

Plural Nouns

When you refer to more than one noun, you use the plural form of that noun.

The plural of a noun is usually formed by adding an 's' at the end of the word. For example: the plural of cat is cats; the plural of flower is flowers, and the plural of computer is computers.

If the word ends in s, x, z, ch, or sh, the plural is usually formed by adding 'es.' This is because when you add an 's' to the end of these words, you have to add an extra syllable to the the word in order to prounounce it. For example: the plural of boss is bosses, the plural of box is boxes, the plural of buzz is buzzes, the plural of lunch is lunches, and the plural of brush is brushes.

Not all plurals end in 's' or 'es'. Irregular nouns are those that do not use the regular plural ending. The following are some irregular plurals.

Type of Noun	Rule for Forming the Plural	Examples	Exceptions
Word ends in s, x, ch, or sh	Add 'es' to the end	arch/arches, atlas/atlases, ax/axes, bash/bashes, bench/benches, bias/biases, botch/botches, box/boxes, brush/brushes, bunch/bunches, bus/buses, bush/bushes, canvas/canvases, catch/catches, church/churches, class/classes, compass/compasses, crash/crashes, cross/crosses, dais/daises, dish/dishes, dress/dresses, equinox/equinoxes, etch/etches, fetch/fetches, fix/fixes, fox/foxes, gas/gases, grass/grasses, itch/itches, kiss/kisses, larch/larches, lash/lashes, latch/latches, mantis/mantises, march/marches, marsh/marshes, mash/mashes, mass/masses, match/matches, moss/mosses, mix/mixes, pass/passes, patch/patches, pox/poxes, radish/radishes, sash/sashes, sketch/sketches, starch/starches, stitch/stitches, tax/taxes, touch/touches, trash/trashes, twitch/twitches, vehicle/vehicles, wish/wishes, witch/witches, wrench/wrenches	axis/axes, ox/oxen
Word ends in z	Add 'zes' to the end	buzz/buzzes, fizz/fizzes, klutz/klutzes, quiz/quizzes, topaz/topazes, waltz/waltzes
Ending in 'y' preceded by a vowel	Add an 's'	alley/alleys, attorney/attorneys, essay/essays, boy/boys, delay/delays, guy/guys, jay/jays, key/keys, osprey/ospreys, play/plays, ray/rays, stray/strays, toy/toys, tray/trays, turkey/turkeys, valley/valleys, way/ways
Ending in 'y' preceded by a consonant	Change the final 'y' to 'ies'	ally/allies, army/armies, baby/babies, beauty/beauties, berry/berries, cherry/cherries, city/cities, colony/colonies, country/countries, dictionary/dictionaries, duty/duties, enemy/enemies, fairy/fairies, family/families, ferry/ferries, fly/flies, gallery/galleries, history/histories, injury/injuries, jelly/jellies, kitty/kitties, lady/ladies, lily/lilies, navy/navies, history/histories, party/parties, pony/ponies, reply/replies, secretary/secretaries, sky/skies, spy/spies, story/stories, study/studies, symphony/symphonies, theory/theories, trophy/trophies, try/tries, university/universities, variety/varieties, victory/victories
Ends with 'f' or 'fe' (but not 'ff' or 'ffe')	Change the 'f' or 'fe' to 'ves'	calf/calves, elf/elves, half/halves, hoof/hooves, knife/knives, leaf/leaves, life/lives, loaf/loaves, knife/knives, loaf/loaves, scarf/scarves, self/selves, shelf/shelves, wife/wives, wolf/wolves	belief/beliefs, chef/chefs, chief/chiefs, dwarf/dwarfs, grief/griefs, gulf/gulfs, handkerchief/handkerchiefs, kerchief/kerchiefs, mischief/mischiefs, muff/muffs, oaf/oafs, proof/proofs, roof/roofs, safe/safes, turf/turfs
Ends with 'o'	Add 'es'	buffalo/buffaloes, cargo/cargoes, echo/echoes, embargo/embargoes, grotto/grottoes, hero/heroes, mosquito/mosquitoes, motto/mottoes, potato/potatoes, tomato/tomatoes, torpedo/torpedoes, veto/vetoes, volcano/volcanoes, zero/zeroes	albino/albinos, armadillo/armadillos, auto/autos, cameo/cameos, cello/cellos, combo/combos, duo/duos, ego/egos, folio/folios, halo/halos, inferno/infernos, lasso/lassos, memento/mementos, memo/memos, piano/pianos, photo/photos, portfolio/portfolios, pro/pros, silo/silos, solo/solos, stereo/stereos, studio/studios, taco/tacos, tattoo/tattoos, tuxedo/tuxedos, typo/typos, veto/vetoes, video/videos, yo/yos, zoo/zoos
Irregular	Variable	child/children, die/dice, foot/feet, goose/geese, louse/lice, man/men, mouse/mice, ox/oxen, person/people, that/those, this/these, tooth/teeth, woman/women
Ends with 'is' (from a Greek root)	Change final 'is' to 'es'	analysis/analyses, axis/axes, basis/bases, crisis/crises, ellipsis/ellipses, hypotheses/hypothesis, neurosis/neuroses, oasis/oases, paralysis/paralyses, parenthesis/parentheses, synopsis/synopses, synthesis/syntheses, thesis/theses
Ends with 'us' (if the word is from the Latin)	Change final 'us' to 'i'	alumnus/alumni, bacillus/bacilli, cactus/cacti, focus/foci, fungus/fungi, locus/loci, nucleus/nuclei, radius/radii, stimulus/stimuli, syllabus/syllabi, terminus/termini, torus/tori	abacus/abacuses, crocus/crocuses, genus/genera, octopus/octopuses (not octopi, since octopus is from the Greek language), rhombus/rhombuses, walrus/walruses
Ends with 'um'	Change final 'um' to 'a'	bacterium/bacteria, curriculum/curricula, datum/data, erratum/errata, gymnasium/gymnasia, medium/media, memorandum/memoranda, ovum/ova, stratum/strata	album/albums, stadium/stadiums
Ends with 'a' but not 'ia' (from a Latin root)	Change final 'a' to 'ae'	alga/algae, alumna/alumnae, antenna/antennae, larva/larvae, nebula/nebulae, pupa/pupae (or pupas), vertebra/vertebrae, vita/vitae	agenda/agendas, alfalfa/alfalfas, aurora/auroras, banana/bananas, barracuda/barracudas, cornea/corneas, nova/novas, phobia/phobias
Ends with 'on' (from a Greek root -- not 'tion')	Change final 'on' to 'a'	automaton/automata, criterion/criteria, phenomenon/phenomena, polyhedron/polyhedra	balloon/balloons, carton/cartons and many, many others
Ends with 'ex'	Change final 'ex' to 'ices'	vertex/vertices, vortex/vortices	annex/annexes, complex/complexes, duplex/duplexes, hex/hexes, index/indexes or indices
Unchanging	Singular and plural are the same	advice, aircraft, bison, corn, deer, equipment, evidence, fish (sometimes), gold, information, jewelry, kin, legislation, luck, luggage, moose, music, offspring, sheep, silver, swine, trousers, trout, wheat
Only the plural exists	Unchanging	barracks, bellows, cattle, congratulations, deer, dregs, eyeglasses, gallows, headquarters, mathematics, means, measles, mumps, news, oats, pants, pliers, pajamas, scissors, series, shears, shorts, species, tongs, tweezers, vespers
Compound nouns	The plural ending is usually added to the main noun	attorney general/attorneys general, bill of fare/bills of fare, chief of staff/chiefs of staff, court-martial/courts-martial, daughter-in-law/daughters-in-law, father-in-law/fathers-in-law, full moon/full moons, he-man/he-men, journeyman/journeymen, lady-in-waiting/ladies-in-waiting, lieutenant colonel/lieutenant colonels, maid-of-honor, maids-of-honor, master-at-arms/masters-at-arms, middle class/middle classes, mother-in-law/mothers-in-law, post office/post offices, secretary of state/secretaries of state, sergeant major/sergeants major, son-in-law/sons-in-law, passer-by/passers-by, she-wolf/she-wolves, stepsister/stepsisters, ten-year-old/ten-year-olds

Note: Collective nouns are words for a group of items or beings. For example, a group of cows is called a herd, a group of baseball players is called a team, and a group of ants is called a colony.

Some/Any/No

Could we have some water, please?

We use some, any and no with uncountable nouns (juice, water, etc) and plural countable nouns (pens, keys, etc), some juice, some pens

Some means enough. We use some in positive statements.

He’s got some bread. (= He’s got enough bread.) She’s got some biscuits.

We use any in questions and not any in negations.

Have you got any tea? We haven’t got any coffee.

We can use no instead of not any in negations.

They haven’t got any milk. (= They’ve got no milk.)

We use some in questions when we are making an offer or a request.

Would you like some coffee? (offer)

Can l have some juice, please? (request)

	Affirmative	Interrogative	Negative
Countable	some	any	not any/no
Uncountable	some	any	not any/no

A Few/Few - A Little/Little

We use a few/few with plural countable nouns (apples, pears, etc).

A few means not many, but enough.

I’ve got a few eggs. I'll make an omelette.

Few means hardly any/almost none and can go with very for emphasis.

(Very) few people shop here because the service is bad.

We use a little/little with uncountable nouns (milk, honey, water, etc). A little means not much, but enough.

I’ve got a little time. Shall we meet today?

Little means hardly any/almost nothing and can go with very for emphasis.

I’ve got (vet7) little time this week. I’m very busy.

Can I ask you a few questions?