Branches of the Law of Ukraine

Pre-reading task. Read words. Mind the stress. A):

΄budget i΄nalienable differenti΄ation

΄discharge a΄doption solemni΄zation

΄ novel in΄fraction disso΄lution

΄ liberty per΄petual compre΄hensive

΄ penal co΄mmencement miti΄gation

΄ entity en΄force depri΄vation

B) Complete the word building table.

Noun Verb	Verb Noun
solemnization	to enforce
dissolution	to incorporate
adoption	to satisfy
mitigation	to govern
deprivation	to provide
commencement	to specialize
ownership	to combine
relation	to consider
investigation	to resolve

C)

Noun Adjective	Adjective Noun
solemnization	comprehensive
safety	administrative
guilt	executive
procedure	correctional

1. Before you read look through the following words and phrases to make sure that you know them. Learn those that you don’t know.

differentiation [,difərən∫i΄ei∫(ə)n] a careful differentiation of the causes to make a differentiation between to differentiate	диференціація, розрізнення; ретельне розрізнення причин;   розрізняти;
inalienable [i΄neiliənəbl] inalienable rights	невід’ємний; не відчужений; невід’ємні права;
to enforce [in΄fo:s] to enforce a rule to enforce a writ to enforce law	вводити (в життя), впроваджувати; застосовувати правову норму; виконати наказ суду; застосовувати правову норму, закон;
solemnization[΄solənmai΄zei∫(ə)n]	святкування, урочиста церемонія;
dissolution[,disə΄lu:∫(ə)n] dissolution of marriage	розірвання, розривання (контракту); розривання шлюбу
spouse[spauz] divorced spouse claiming spouse	чоловік чи жінка; розлучений чоловік чи жінка; чоловік-позивач чи жінка-позивач;
adoption [ə΄dop∫(ə)n] adoption of child	1. усиновлення; 2. прийняття; усиновлення дитини;
to incorporate [in΄ko:pereit] We’ll try to incorporate some of your ideas in / into our future plans.	об’єднувати, включати; Ми спробуємо включити деякі ваша ідеї в наш план.
budget[bΛdЗit] to draw up a budget to submit a budget national budget, state budget	бюджет; фінансовий кошторис; скласти фінансовий кошторис; подати на розгляд фінансовий кошторис; державний бюджет;
securities[si΄kjuəritiz] cost of securities	цінні папери; вартість цінних паперів;
comprehensive[,kompri΄hensiv] comprehensive insurance comprehensive approach	всеосяжний, всеохоплюючий; повне страхування; комплексний підхід;
infraction [in΄fræk∫(ə)n] to commit an infraction a minor infraction	порушення (закону, правила); проступок; скоїти порушення; незначне порушення;
discharge [΄dist∫a:dЗ] to discharge   to discharge from custody to discharge from imprisonment	звільнення (в’язня), виправдання (підсудного); / звільняти звільнити із ув’язнення (із під варти); звільнити з тюремного ув’язнення
mitigation [,miti΄gei∫(ə)n] mitigation of penalty / punishment	пом’якшення, зменшення; пом’якшення покарання;
novel[΄novəl]	додаткове узаконення, новела; нова правова норма;
grave grave crime	тяжкий, серйозний, небезпечний; тяжкий злочин;
perpetual [pə΄pə:t∫uəl] perpetual imprisonment	довічний, безстроковий; довічне ув’язнення;
deprivation [,depri΄vei∫(ə)n] deprivation of citizenship deprivation of liberty	позбавлення; позбавлення громадянства; позбавлення свободи;
penal [pi:nl]	карний,
legal entity [΄entiti]	юридична особа;
claim [kleim] claim for damages claim in action	позов; претензія; заявка; позов про відшкодування збитків; вимога за позовам;
notice[΄nəutis] notice of action / suit	повідомлення; сповіщення, оповіщення, повідомлення про подання позову;
commencement[kə΄mensmənt] commencement of proceedings	початок, порушення (кримінальної справи); порушення судочинства /судового переслідування
investigation[in,vesti΄gei∫(ə)n] criminal / crime investigation impartial investigation	розслідування, слідство; кримінальне слідство; неупереджене слідство

2. Read the following text and translate it.

Branches of the Law of Ukraine

In accordance with the differentiation of public and private law the following branches are defined in the legislative system of Ukraine.

Constitutional Law

Constitutional law establishes the political and state system, rights, freedoms and duties of citizens, legal status of the Verkhovna Rada, the President, the Cabinet of Ministers, other bodies of state executive power and of local authorities, the justice system, territorial structure, state symbols, etc. The main source of constitutional law is the Constitution of Ukraine.

Civil Law

Civil law includes the legal rules governing the ownership and non-property relations, as well as personal relations between the objects of public relations in order to satisfy their demands. The main act in this branch is the Civil Code of Ukraine which entered in force on December 1, 2004. It contains six books and sets basically a new (for Ukraine) system of norms to govern civil relations. Taking into account new constitutional approaches to the human being and its inalienable rights it fixes individual non-property rights of a person and governs relations which enforce these rights.

Labour Law

Labour Law includes the legal rules collected in the Labour Code and governs the relations as to the labour contracts, working time and conditions, safety at the working place, social protection, the order of labour disputes resolution, etc.

Matrimonial Law

Matrimonial law relates to the grounds of marriage, its solemnization and dissolution, personal ownership and non-property rights and duties of the spouses, relations between parents and children, adoption issues, etc. Such rules are incorporated into the Code on Family which was adopted on January 10, 2002 and came in force on January 1, 2003.

Financial Law

Financial lawregulates the state budget, banking, tax system, etc and its object of regulation is money and securities. The formation of financial system of Ukraine is in progress. In 2001 the Budget Code was adopted on June 21, 2001 and came in force in June, 2001.

Land Law

Land law includes the legal rules governing land use and protection. Here the main source is the Land Code of Ukraine adopted on October 26, 2001, which established the private ownership of lands. The Land Code came in force on January, 1, 2002.

Administrative Law

Administrative law is based on the legal rules on the relations between the bodies of state government, executive and command activities, corpus delicti (Eng. body of crime) of administrative offences, etc. The main source of administrative law is the Code on Administrative Infractions, which entered in force on September 9, 2005.

Criminal Law

Criminal law includes the legal rules defining criminal acts, forms of guilt, punishment making, discharge or mitigation. The main source of criminal law is the new Criminal Code of Ukraine. The Code was adopted on April 5, 2001 and came into force from September 1, 2001. Its main novel is the replacement of the death penalty for the grave crimes by the perpetual imprisonment. It also provides for such new types of punishment as public works, arrest, deprivation of liberty, and official restrictions for persons on military service.

Correctional Law

Correctional law includes the legal rules governing the relations resulting from the execution of punishment and penal treatment. The main source of the law is the Correctional Code which came in force on January, 1, 2004.

Law of Civil Procedure

Law of civil procedure includes the legal rules governing the procedure of the court consideration and resolving civil cases, and enforcement of writs. They are combined in the Civil Procedural Code, which entered in force on January 1, 2005.

Commercial Law

Commercial Law regulates contractual relations and conflicts between legal entities, citizens and/or a state. Commercial Procedural Code provides that commercial court should bring an action on the basis of the business activity subject’s claim about protection of its legal rights, as well as the notices of suit from state authorities, the Office of Public Prosecutor or the Chamber of Accounting of Ukraine.

Law of Criminal Procedure

Procedural criminal law relates to the commencement of criminal proceedings, investigation and court examination of criminal cases. The Criminal Action Code regulates these issues.

International Law

International law governs relations between states (public) or between citizens of different countries and their associations (private). As Ukraine is a part to numerous multilateral and bilateral international treaties, agreements and conventions, they are included into the domestic legislation and determine international status of Ukraine.

The legislative system of Ukraine includes other specialized codes, each of them has its own inner structure and governs relations in its field.

3. Give Ukrainian equivalents for the following words and expressions. Make up sentences or situations using them.

Public and private law; legislative system; local authorities; justice system; territorial structure; state symbols; non-property relations; as well as; in order to; objects of public relations; taking into account; new constitutional approaches to the human being; legal practice; working time and conditions; grounds of marriage; state budget; banking; tax system; private ownership of lands; administrative infractions; death penalty; military service; penal treatment; court consideration; Civil Procedural Code; commercial court; legal entities; business activity subject claim; the Office of Public Prosecutor; the Chamber of Accounting; multilateral and bilateral international treaties

4. Find in the text English equivalents for the following words and expressions.

Правовий статус; виконавча влада; система правосуддя; державні символи; задовольняти потреби; невід’ємні права; впроваджувати права; соціальний захист; порядок вирішення трудових спорів; питання усиновлення; використання та захист землі; розробка проекту закону; земельна реформа; кримінальні дії; винесення покарання; змінення смертної кари за тяжкі злочини на довічне ув’язнення; передбачити нові види покарання; позбавлення волі; виконання покарання; судовий розгляд; виконання судових приписів; подавати позов; позов про підприємницьку діяльність суб’єкта; порушення кримінальної справи; розслідування.

5. Match the definitions in the right column to the words given in the left.

1. investigation	a) the body of facts, showing that a breach of the law has taken place, esp. the body of the victim in a case of murder;
2. deprivation	b) making less severe or painful;
3. discharge	c) continuing or valid forever; for an unlimited time;
4. mitigation	d) incapable of being removed;
5. perpetual	e) the techniques and actions customarily applied when relating to punishment;
6. corpus delicti	f) the state of being without something, esp. vital to one’s well-being; loss;
7. penal treatment	g) the act of relieving somebody of an obligation, accusation, penalty;
8. inalienable	h) careful and thorough inquiry;

6. Find in the text a word or a phrase that means:

1. to cause (a rule or law) to be obeyed or carried out 2. relating to marriage; 3. relating to prisons or other places or methods of punishment; 4. the termination of an association or union, esp. marriage; 5. warning of what will happen; 6. the upbringing of a child of other parents as one’s own child after undergoing certain legal formalities; 7. business of a bank or banker; 8. a formal document of a court commanding or forbidding an act specified in it; 9. beginning; 10. formal interrogation, e.g. in a law court. 11. breaking a rule, law, a person’s right, etc.

7. Fill in the appropriate word.