Injured; insurance; penalty; conduct; fear; takes advantage; offences; purpose; condemn; enable; set; charged with; offenders

1. 1. The main tendency is to refer to crimes as........ 2. The police are sure that this person committed the crime, so they …….. him … it. 4. He always … of the mistakes made by his rivals. 5. We all … cruelty to children. 6. They condemned him for his bad …. 7. The … company will pay for the damage to my car. 8. The ……of punishment is to correct anti-social behaviour of ……. 9. The … for non-performance of contract is heavy. 10. We need a set of rules of conduct to ……… us to live in any kind of satisfactory state. 11. If it were not for the law, you could not go out without the ….. of being kidnapped, robbed or murdered. 12. When our rules are once …., no Governor should offer to alter them.

B: Fill in the appropriate proposition or adverb.

1. Lawyers devote the entire field … study … answering the question ‘What is law’. 2. It was done … a good purpose. 3. She brought legal action ….. her employer regardless … danger to lose the case. 4. Has every member of the family been equally provided …? 5. Every society provides people …. the rules according … which they live. 6. The prisoner is charged … criminal negligence. 7. Ukrainian lawyers have made a considerable contribution … development… jurisprudence. 8. He was released ….. prison and placed …. supervision. 8. The driver was fined …. exceeding speed limits. 9. We provide insurance … every employee … our company. 10. If a person commits a crime, he goes … prison. 11. We owe our rights … our society. 12. Psychologist inhibited her ….. committing suicide. 12. He is always taking advantage …. my good nature.

8. Choose a word or phrase (a, b, or c) which best completes the unfinished sentence:

1. Law regulates …… a) traditional ideas of what is right or wrong; b) the conduct of people within a society; c) everything that is moral or immoral.

2. Jurisprudence answers the question ……

a) ‘Are all laws written?’ b) ‘What is good and fair?’ c) ‘What is law?’

3. There are two main groups of laws: ……

a) criminal and civil: b) international and constitutional; c) family and public.

4. Everything that they consider immoral is not necessarily …. a) legal; b) illegal; c) unjust;

5.Law …… to social stability by resolving disputes in civilized fashion.

a) inhibits; b) contributes; c) improves;

6. Criminal laws require ……

a) imprisonment; b) recovery of damages; c) payment of medical bills.

7. A civil action is brought against a person …

a) who suffered damages; b) who committed a crime; c) committed a wrong.

8. Laws …… business activities and private planning. a) inhibit; b) contribute; c) facilitate;

9. An example of a civil case is ….. a) a robbery; b) a murder; c) a divorce.

9. Look through the text again and decide whether the following sentences are true or false.

1. Traditional ideas of right and wrong don’t influence our legal system. 2. Immoral actions are always illegal. 3. Every society needs laws. 4. All laws are fair and good. 5. Members of every community keep guns in their houses for self-defense.6. Penalties for crimes under civil law are imprisonment, fines, placing under supervision. 7 The law is an enabler, something that inhibits us to have rights. 8. Law helps to provide some degree of freedom that is impossible to achieve in another way. 9. Law is the cornerstone of jurisprudence. 10. A person can bring a civil action when another person commits a crime.11. Primitive people didn’t have any rules that regulated people’s conduct.

10. Look through the text once more and say:

1) what law is; 2) why we need law; 3) what functions of the law are; 4) what criminal laws are; 5) what civil laws are.

11. Translate into English. А:

1. Я хочу присвятити своє життя науково-дослідницькій роботі в галузі конституційного права. 2. Ви можете дати визначення «права»? 3. Закони завжди існували в нашому світі. 4. Ми влаштовуємо зустріч з тією метою, щоб розказати про наші наміри. 5. Ми повинні регулювати нашу поведінку відповідно до вимог суспільства. 6. Якщо з’явиться потреба, зателефонуй мені. 7. Люди піддають осуду таку аморальну поведінку незалежно від того, що закон не вважає її протизаконною. 8. Я не маю відношення до цього безладу. 9. Ми визнаємо, що скоїли правопорушення. 10. Поліція арештувала людину, яку вона обвинувачує у вчиненні убивства. 11. Я вчинив цю несправедливість зі страху. 12. Він намагався уникнути покарання, але його засудили до ув’язнення. 13. Поліція здійснює нагляд за тими, хто був звільнений з в’язниці. 14. Він був сильно поранений в автомобільній аварії (car accident). 15. Керівництво оштрафувало своїх працівників за недбальство. 16. Ми подали позов проти компанії за порушення умов контракту та сподіваємося виграти судовий процес. 17. Наша фірма застрахувала співробітників від нещасних випадків. 18. Люди повинні стримувати хибні бажання та наміри. 19. Закони сприяють стабільному життю та добробуту та забезпечують певну ступінь свободи.

В: Home assignment.

1. Право – це набір правил, які регулюють поведінку людей у суспільстві. 2. Закони необхідні для того щоб люди жили в цілковитій безпеці (safety). 3. Без законів люди можуть користуватися один одним, в незалежності від того, чи вважають вони це справедливим, чи ні. 4. Не завжди незаконним є те, що ми вважаємо аморальним. 5. Традиційні ідеї дуже впливають на нашу правому систему. 6. Примітивні люди також мали певній набір правил, який регулював поведінку у межах їх групи. 7. В сучасному суспільстві певний законодавчий (legislative) орган створює закони. 8. Ми поділяємо закони на цивільні та кримінальні. 9. Кримінальні закони вимагають таке покарання, як тюремне ув’язнення, штраф тощо. 10. Особа порушує цивільну справу проти іншої особи, якщо вона почуває себе несправедливо ображеною. 11. Поліція обвинувачує його у скоєнні злочину. 12. Закони обмежують (to limit) владу уряду, таким чином вони забезпечують певну ступінь свободи громадянам. 13. Цивільні закони регулюють питання, пов’язані зі шлюбом, розлученням, страхуванням, нерухомим майном, контрактами, халатністю, захистом прав споживача тощо.

12. The text for discussion Read the following text and try:

- to explain the need for rules.

- to develop a list of guidelines for good rules.

- discuss laws in your life.

World of Rules

A rule is a guideline for behavior. It is meant to manage the way a person acts or does something. For example, there are rules in the game of baseball. These rules tell baseball players how to play the game of baseball. They tell the players what they can and cannot do. Rules may be written or unwritten. They may also be started by habit or custom. For example, it is a rule in my house that we must eat dinner, at the table, together. We cannot watch television while eating. This is a family custom or habit.

Good rules are helpful, and bad rules are sometimes confusing. For example, ‘Do not run in the swimming pool area’ is a good rule because it protects people from getting hurt. ‘Be friends with everyone in class’ is not a good rule because it is not reasonable to order friendships. How will a teacher know if students are actually friends? Also, should there be a punishment for people who are not friends? What makes these rules good or bad?

Look at the chart below.

Guidelines for Good Rules

A. Rules should be clear and easy to understand. B. People should be able to do what the rules say. C. Rules should not conflict with other rules. D. Rules should be enforceable. E. There should be a penalty for breaking rules. F. Rules should be explained to people or written in a place where everyone can see them.

Many places in your community have rules. In shopping malls, for example, people are not allowed to run or play loud radio music. What is the purpose of these rules? Can you think of other places where there are rules? What are some other rules? Why do you think these rules were made?

Laws are rules which are set and enforced by a government. They protect people and help people get along with each other. Laws are written by the government for the entire community. They are out in a code or law book. Every town or city has laws. Imagine what community would be like without laws. What might happen in a community where there are no laws?

Look at the chart below. What is the difference between a rule and a law?

Rules	Laws
A rule is a guideline for conduct or action. Rules may be written or unwritten. They may be started by habit, custom, or written guideline.	A law is written by the government.
A rule is enforced by the people who make the rule.	A law is enforced by the police, sheriff, state patrol, FBI, etc. These groups are called law enforcement.
If you break a rule, you can lose privileges.	If you break the law, you can be punished by the government, lose privileges or money, and go to jail.

14. Speak about the following items:

1. What is law?

2. Kinds of law.

15. Write a mini-composition for or against the following statement ‘However hard people try, laws are always insufficient’.

Grammar Section

PRESENT PERFERCT & PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

1. Tom and Jane are the graduates of Law Faculty. They graduated from the University many years ago. They have met their group mates lately. Their life and appearance have changed. Describe the changes using the prompts below.

1. Sam / become / a judge. 2. Diana / get married. 3. Jack / emigrate / to the USA. 4. Matthew / put on / weight. 5. Ann / have / a baby. 6. Jim / grow / a beard. 7. Henry / buy / a big house. 8. Irene / take / a postgraduate course at their University.

2. Fill in the gaps with the present perfect of the verbs in brackets.

1. Women in the USA__________ (make) a lot of progress in recent years. 2. Women _______ (have) the right to vote since 1920. 3. The role of women in society __________ (change). 3. The choices for women ______ (become) unlimited. 4. Some women _______ (decide) to have a career. 5. Some women _______ (delay) having children. 6. Women _______ (enter) politics and government at all levels. 7. Some women ________ (choose) the traditional role of wives and mothers. 8. Some women __________ (try) to have it all – marriage, motherhood, and career.

3. These people are in the office. What have they been doing since 10 o’clock in the morning? In pairs, make up exchanges using the prompts below, as in the example.

Example: SA: Mrs. Peters is typing letters. SB: Yes. She’s been typing them since 10 o’clock.

1. Mr. Burrow / think over / the business plan. 2. Alan Brown / draw up / a very important contract. 3. The boss / speak / on the telephone. 4. Miss Houston / make / photocopies. 5. Mr. Andrews / study / the action brought against theircompany. 5. Anthony / prepare / legal papers for this action. 6. All of them / work / hard.

4. Fill in the gaps with one of the verbs from the list in the present perfect continuous.

Argue, study, try, work

1. She is exhausted. She …. for the seminars in the library for several hours. 2. He is confused. He ….. to solve the problem all morning. 3. They are irritated. They …. over the terms of the contract. 4. We are hot. We …. in the stuffy classroom.

5. It’s 11 0’clock. The following people all started work earlier this morning. Look at the information and say how long they have been working and how much work they have done so far.

Name	Started / Activity	Completed
Sandra	9 o’clock / examine the papers	2 documents
Bob	10 o’clock / discuss business plan with his partners	3 items
Kim	8 o’clock / clean rooms	8 rooms
John	9.30 / meet his clients	2 clients
Isabel	10.30 / make phone calls	3 calls
Teresa	8 o’clock / look through her E-mails	20 E-mails

6. Put the verbs into the present continuous, present perfect or present perfect continuous.

1. A: How long …. (you / know) Alison? B: We … (be) friends since we graduated from the University.2. A: Who … (use) my notes of the lecture? B: I have. Is it a problem? 3. A: What ….. (they / do) at the moment? B: They …. (be) in the courtroom for three hours. 4. A: I … (always / believe) that all laws are good and fair. B: Laws are not always perfect. 5. A: Why is Andy upset? B: Someone …. (bring) a lawsuit against him. 6. A: Mr. Hews … (teach) civil law since he graduated. B: Yes, and he is a very good lecturer. 7. A: Fred ….. (work) at his thesis for a year. B: I know. He … (already / write) 2 chapters. 8. A: This problem is quite difficult. B: I …. (not / try) to solve it yet. 9. A: …. (the police / find) the murderer? B: Not yet. They …. (look) for him for a month. 10. A: You look exhausted. B: Yes. I ….. (study) the case all day.

7. Put the verbs into the correct tense..

Dear Sally,

I hope you are enjoying at university. I’m sure you 1) … (study) hard. Everything is fine here at home. Bob 2) … (just / receive) his school report. It was bad as usual. He 3) …. (decide) to leave school next year and find a job. Sara 4) …. (go) to the preparatory courses for the past two months. She 5) …. (decide) to enter the University next year. Your father …. (go) on business to Italy. He …. (be) in Rome for a week.

Anyway, write soon. Love,

Mum

13. Translate into English.

а) Я пишу курсову роботу	зараз.	д) Я вивчаю	англійську.
вже кілька днів.	англійську вже 2 роки.
кожен рік.	англійську. Не заважай.
б) Він працює в юридичній конторі	7 годин на день.	е) Він розмовляє	трьома мовами.
зараз.	англійською з 3-х років.
кілька років.	по телефону.
в) Вони розглядають справу	зараз.	є) Він викладає господарське право	в Університеті.
часто.	у цьому семестрі.
вже дві години.	вже 20 років.

14. Home assignment. Translate into English.

A. 1. На кого ви чекаєте? – Я чекаю на свого друга. – І давно ви на нього чекаєте? – Так, я чекаю на нього вже півгодини. – Часто ви чекаєте на нього? – Так, кожного разу. 2. Що ви перекладаєте? – Я перекладаю юридичну статтю. – Скільки часу ви перекладаєте її? Я перекладаю її вже 2 години. – А скільки переклали? – Майже половину. – Ви часто перекладаєте такі статті? – Я перекладаю 2 статті на тиждень. 3. Не заходьте до класу. Там студенти складають іспит. Вони складають його з 9-ї години. П’ятеро студентів вже склали його. Взагалі, студенти складають чотири або п’ять іспитів кожного семестру. 4. Не виходьте на вулицю, там йде дощ. Дощ йде з раннього ранку. Цього тижня пройшло вже кілька дощів. Восени у Києві часто йдуть дощі. 5. Чи можу я бачити директора? – Ні, він обідає. Зачекайте трохи. – А давно він обідає? – Так, він обідає вже півгодини. Він завжди обідає в цей час. 6. Мій друг займається у бібліотеці кожного дня. Зараз він пише курсову роботу з кримінального права. Він працює над нею вже тиждень і написав вже більше половини.

B. Я навчаюся у Київському національному університеті на юридичному факультеті. Я навчаюсь тут з 1-го вересня. Я вивчаю англійську мову з 1-го класу. Я добре розмовляю англійською і трохи знаю німецьку. Я люблю читати англійські книжки і намагаюся робити переклади українською мовою. Зараз ми повторюємо часи англійського дієслова. Ми повторюємо їх вже місяць. Ми повторили вже всі теперішні часи.

C. Професор Н. викладає курс кримінального права у нашому університеті. Він спеціалізується з цивільного права. Він займається науковою роботою та друкує статті у провідних журналах. Він вільно розмовляє та читає англійською. Зараз він працює над підручником. Він працює над ним вже кілька місяців і написав вже кілька глав.

UNIT FOUR

From the History of Law

Vocabulary Section

Pre-reading task. Read the words. Mind the stress. A):

΄ ancestor de΄scend compen΄sation

΄ pillar e΄ffect corres΄pond

΄victim in΄heritance Mesopo΄tamian

΄outlaw re΄vengecodifi΄cation

΄ kidnap ob΄serve Hammu΄rabi

΄testament legi΄slation

 

‘circumstance

 

B) Complete the word building table.

Noun Verb	Verb Noun
settlement	to descend
inheritance	to codify
injury	to observe
compensation	to victim
collection	to accuse
punishment	to kidnap
invention	to reflect
offence	to correspond
compiler	to murder

C)

Noun / verb Person	Noun / verb Person
accuse	prison
offence	murder
consume	kidnap
supervise	preside
murder	legislation
to descend	theft
crime	aristocracy

1. Before you read look through the following words and phrases to make sure that you know them. Learn those that you don’t know.

convention e.g. constitutional convention Geneva Conventions	договір; угода; конвенція; конституційна угода; женевська угода;
to descend [di΄send] (from/of) to be descended from smb. We are descended of ancient families.	походити, вести рід від когось; походити від когось Ми походимо від прадавніх родів.
ancestor[´ænsestə] e.g. common ancestor remote ancestor	пращур, предок; загальний предок; віддалений предок;
vague[veig] e.g. vague ideas vague notions I have not the vaguest notion what to do.	нечіткий, неясний; неясні ідеї; невизначені поняття; Я не маю жодного уявлення, що робити.
to be in effect [i´fekt]	діяти, бути чинними;
B.C. / A.D.	до нашої ери; / нашої ери;
to deal [di:l] with (dealt, dealt [delt]) e.g. There are many difficulties to be dealt with when starting a new business.   Head Office deals with all complaints.	мати справу з, розглядати; Коли починаєш нову справу, доводиться стикатися з багатьма труднощами. Головна контора розглядає всі скарги.
to codify [´kəudifai]	кодифікувати; систематизувати;
to carve [ka:v]	вирізати, гравірувати; викарбувати;
pillar	стовп;
to cover [´kΛvə] e.g. The reporter covered the convention for the local newspaper.	охоплювати; освітлювати; покривати; Журналіст освітив з‘їзд для місцевої газети.
settlement of debts [det]	виплата боргів;
inheritance[in´heritəns]	спадщина;
tax e.g. free of tax, tax-free income / profits tax to pay taxes	податок; неоподаткований; податок на прибуток; сплачувати податки;
harsh e.g. the harsh reality of life = harsh reality	суворий; сувора дійсність;
cruel[kru:əl] e.g. cruel punishment	жорстокий; суворе покарання;
revenge[ri´vendЗ] e.g. to take (one's) revenge on / upon smb. in revenge	помста; помститися комусь; у помсту;
to observe [əb´zə:v] e.g. to observe laws	дотримуватися; дотримуватися законів;
to correspond (to) This ideal model does not correspond to the facts.	відповідати; узгоджуватись; Цей ідеальний зразок не узгоджується з фактами.
to inflict (upon / on) [in´flikt] to inflict heavy losses on the enemy	наносити, причиняти (біль) комусь; нанести великі втрати ворогу;
victim e.g. to fall a victim to accident victim innocent victim	жертва, потерпілий; стати жертвою; потерпілий від нещасного випадку; невинна жертва;
thief(thieves) [θi:f] e.g. petty thief thieves' Latin	злодій, крадій; дрібний злодій; злодійський жаргон;
false accuser [fo:ls ə´kju:zə]	наклепник;
to strike the blow e.g. to strike a blow against poverty	нанести удар; нанести удар по бідності та злидням;
to outlaw [´autlo:] e.g. to outlaw smoking in public	поставити поза законом; заборонити куріння в громадських місцях;
blood feud [‘blΛd fju:d ] e.g. family feud personal feud stir up a feud sink a feud	кровна помста; родова ворожнеча; сімейна ворожнеча; особиста ворожнеча; розпалювати ворожнечу; забути ворожнечу; помиритися;
to ban / ban e.g. under a ban	забороняти / заборона; під забороною;
to kidnap	викрадати;
to take account of [ə´kaunt]	враховувати;
circumstance [´sə:kəmstəns] e.g. aggravating circumstances attendant circumstances compelling circumstances exceptional circumstances extenuating /mitigating circumstances a victim of circumstances under the circumstances under no circumstances The circumstances suggest murder.	обставина; обтяжуючі обставини; супутні обставини; непоборні обставини; виключні обставини; пом’якшуючі обставини; жертва обставин; за цих обставин (умов); ні за яких умов, ніколи; Обставини дозволяють припустити, що це вбивство.
to award e.g. The judges awarded the prize to her.	присуджувати; нагороджувати; Судді нагородили її призом.
Hebrew [´hi:bru:] e.g. It is Hebrew to me.	єврей, іудей; Це для мене китайська грамота.
Hebraic [hi´breik] e.g. Hebraic laws	староєврейський; староєврейські закони;
Mosaic[məu´zeik] e.g. Mosaic law	Мойсеїв; Мойсеїв закон;
Moses[´məuziz]	Мойсей;
to set out e.g. The committee's plans are set out in the report.	викласти; У доповіді викладені плани комісії.
the Old Testament [´testəmənt]	Старий Завіт;
Ten Commandments [kə´ma:ndmənts]	Десять Заповідей;
desert[´dezət]	пустеля;
to summon [´sΛmən] e.g. to be summoned before a judge	викликати, скликати; бути викликаним у суд;
tablets[´tæblət] e.g. a bronze tablet	дощечка; табличка;
compiler [kəm´pailə]	укладач;
to reflect e.g. The election results do not always reflect back the views of the voters.	відображати; Результати виборів не завжди відображають погляди виборців.
to preside (over) [pri´zaid]	головувати (над);
lawgiver/ legislator[´ledЗisleitə]	законодавець;
magistrate[´mædЗistreit]	(мировий) суддя;
judge[´dЗΛdЗ] e.g. fair, impartial judge harsh, severe judge lenient judge	суддя; неупереджений (об’єктивний) суддя; суворий суддя; поблажливий суддя;
faith [feiθ] e.g. the true faith by faith to practice a faith	віра; віросповідання; істинна віра; за віросповіданням; сповідувати віру

2. Read and translate the text.

The Birth of Law

Laws and rules – and the customs and conventions – from which they are descended have always been the part of human life ever since our ancestors first began to live in large and settled groups. But our knowledge is vague of laws that were in effect before the invention of writing in about 3500 B.C. The earliest known legal text was written by Ur-Nammu, the king of the Mesopotamian city of Ur, in about 2100 B.C. It dealt largely with compensation for bodily injuries, penalties for witchcraft and runaway slaves.

One of the earliest known collections of codified laws is the Code of Hammurabi. Hammurabi [,hæmu΄ra:bi] was a king of Babylon from 1728 B.C. to 1686 B.C. So that everyone could know the laws, they were carved into the stone pillars set up in the temple to the Babylonian god Marduk. The laws covered crime, divorce, marriage, the rights of slave owners and slaves, the settlement of debts, inheritance and property contracts; there were even regulations about taxes and the prices of goods. Punishments under the code were harsh. The cruel principle of revenge was observed: an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth, which meant that the punishment had to correspond to those damages and injuries that criminals had inflicted upon their victims. Not only murderers but also thieves and false accusers faced the death penalty. And a child who hit his father could lose the hand that struck the blow. The code outlawed private blood feuds and banned the tradition by which a man could kidnap and keep the woman he wanted for his bride. In addition, the new laws took account of the circumstances of the offender as well as the offence. So a lower-ranking citizen who lost a civil case would be fined less than an aristocrat in the same position – though he would also be awarded less if he won.

Another code of early law is the Code of Hebraic laws, or Mosaic Law of about 1400 B.C. This code is set out in detail in the first five books of the Old Testament, which are called the Torah, meaning ‘law’ or ‘guidance’ These books recount the forty-year-long wandering of Moses and the tribes of Israel from Egypt across the Sinai desert to the Promised Land of Canaan. While in the desert, Moses was summoned to the top of Mount Sinai by God and was given the tablets of Ten Commandments. Like the Babylonians, the Hebrew compilers believed that their laws were based on the will of God. Unlike the commercially-oriented Code of Hammurabi, the Mosaic Law reflects the agrarian community which Moses presided over. As chief lawgiver and magistrate, Moses was both a legislator and a judge in the modern sense. The Ten Commandments still hold a central position today in the teaching of both the Hebrew and the Christian faiths. As well, the Mosaic Law forms an important part of the laws of many countries today.

Note. the Promised Land of Canaan [΄keinən] – земля обітована Ханаанка (стародавня назва Палестини, Сирії та Фінікії)

3. Give each paragraph a heading of your own. Compare your headings with other members of the group. Are all the headings possible?

4. Give the Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and expressions.

Vague knowledge; the invention of writing; in about 3500 B.C.; to deal with; to set up in the temple; to cover crime; regulations about taxes; inheritance; property contracts; prices of goods; to observe the principle of revenge; to inflict damages and injuries upon victims; to face the death penalty; to hit somebody; to lose the hand which struck the blow; to outlaw blood feuds; to kidnap a woman; to ban the tradition; to take account of the circumstances of the offences; as well as / as well; forty-year-long wandering; commercially-oriented; agrarian community; legislator; judge; magistrate.

5. Find the English equivalents to the following words and expressions in the text.

Частина людського життя; осілі групи; мав справу головним чином з; компенсація за тілесні ушкодження; покарання за чаклунство; біглі раби; карбувати на кам’яному стовпі; стосуватися злочину, розлучення, шлюбу; майнові контракти; податки; дотримуватися принципу помсти; наносити ушкодження та збитки; погрожувати смертною карою; наносити удар; поставити поза законом кровну ворожнечу; головувати; заборонити традицію; до того ж / крім того; обставини правопорушення; Мойсеєві Закони; програти цивільну справу; нижчий за рангом громадянин; Старий Завіт; Десять Заповідей.

6. A: Fill in the appropriate word from the list below.

Revenge, thief, blood feud, victim, tax, debt, the Ten Commandments, inheritance, outlawed, kidnapping, deals with, circumstance

1. ……. are a list of religious and moral imperatives that are given to Moses on the mountain referred to as "Mount Sinai" in the form of two stone tablets. 2. Her offensive conduct is a …. to be taken into consideration. 3. The farmer and his family have had … with their neighbours on the other side of the valley for thirty years. 4. All societies have …. murderers and robbers. 5. A ….. of a crime in criminal law is the person who has been harmed individually and directly by the defendant, rather than merely society as a whole. 6. In criminal law, …. is the taking away of a person against the person's will, usually to hold the person in false imprisonment without legal authority. 7. Although many aspects of … resemble or echo the concept of justice, it usually has a more injurious than harmonious goal. 8. A … is a financial charge imposed on an individual or a legal entity by a state or a functional equivalent of a state. 9. …. is the practice of passing on property, titles, debts, and obligations upon the death of an individual. 10. He is heavily in …. after losing the lawsuit. 11. In criminal law, the …. is a person who illegally takes another person's property without that person's freely-given consent. 12. Head Office …. all complaints.

B: Fill in the appropriate proposition or adverb.

1. Laws and rules are descended …. the customs and conventions. 2. This is the first question which I propose to deal …. 3. In 1787 George Washington was called to preside …. the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. 4. The committee's plans are set …. in the report. 5. He had to pay the compensation … termination of contract. 6. He had to pay medical bills …. civil code and he was charged with the crime of assault …. criminal code. 7. The principle … revenge means an eye …. an eye and a tooth …. a tooth. 8. Her photograph corresponds … the description that he gave us. 9. The accused inflicted bodily injury …. his victim. 10. Hammurabi’s laws took account … the circumstances of the offender as well … the offence. 11. The committee examined the case … detail. 12. …. addition.... a big fine, he faces imprisonment. 13. The Law was carved …. twelve bronze tablets, so it was called the Law of the Twelve Tablets.

7. Choose a word or phrase (a, b, or c) which best completes the unfinished sentence:

1. We don’t know anything about earliest laws because …. a) they were not written; b) they didn’t exist; c) they were not codified;

2. The Code of Hammurabi was drawn up in…. a) about 1400 B.C.; b) about 1728 to 1686 B.C.; c) between 451 to 449 B.C.;

3. The principle of revenge means … a) you must inflict the same damages if you had been offended; b) that if a person committed a crime, he faced the death penalty; c) the punishment must be equal to the crime;

4. Hammurabi’s Code outlawed …. a) murder; b) private blood feuds; c) theft;

5. One of the most known collections of laws is ….. called the Torah. a) Ur-Nammu-code; b) the laws of Babylon; c) the law of the Tablets;

6. The Old Testament which is called the Torah means …. a) the sacred; b) the book; c) law;

7. The Code of Hebraic Laws….. a) was commercially-oriented; b) reflected the agrarian

community; c) served the nobility interests.

8. Hammurabi’s code regulated both …. and civil matters. a) criminal; b) international; c) tribal

8. Match the definition in the right column to the word in the left.

1. outlaw	a) a person guilty of unlawful killing of someone on purpose;
2. victim	b) to pay attention to rules, laws, etc.;
3. observe	c) to place a person outside the protection of law;
4. Old Testament	d) a person, who does wrong, commits an offence;
5. murderer	e) one of the division of the Bible;
6. revenge	f) deliberate infliction of injury upon the person who has inflicted injury;
7. offender	g) a civil officer acting as a judge in the lowest court;
8. magistrate	h) a person suffering injury, pain, loss etc. because of circumstances, events, the ill-will, etc.

9. Find a word in the text that means:

1) the use of magic power, especially with the aid of evil spirits; 2) a punishment imposed for a violation of law or rule; 3) an accepted social custom or practice; 4) not clearly or explicitly stated or expressed; 5) payment for damage or loss, restitution; 6) harm or damage done or suffered; 7) carry away somebody by force and unlawfully in order to obtain ransom (викуп); 8) person who steals secretly and without violence; 9) belief in divine truth, religion; 10) people living in one place, district or country, considered as a whole.

10. Look through the text again and decide whether the following sentences are true or false.

1. The law was born in the primitive times. 2. Ur-Nammu was a Babylonian lawgiver. 3. The first known legal text banned slave-trade. 4. Moses drew up the most ancient law code. 5. Hammurabi’s Code only dealt with serious crimes. 6. The Babylonians observed the principle of an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. 7. All the Babylonian citizens were treated equally. 8. Mosaic Law is set out in the Bible. 9. The Ten Commandments were given to Moses by God. 10. Ancient people believed that laws were made by gods.

11. Answer the questions.

1. Why is it difficult to judge about the earliest laws? 2. Where and why did the first laws appear? 3. What issues did the early laws emphasize? 4. Why do you think Hammurabi decided to have his laws carved into the pillars? 5. What spheres of human life were covered by Hammurabi’s code? Explain the choice. 6. How do you understand the principle ‘an eye for eye, a tooth for a tooth’? 7. Were punishments always fair? Why? 8. Were people of different ranks treated differently by Hammurabi’s code? 9. What legend is the Mosaic Law based on? 10. What does the Old Testament mean?

12. Translate into English.

A ) 1. Закони походять від договорів або звичаїв, що завжди були частиною людського життя. 2. Закони Ур-Намму, головним чином, стосувалися штрафу за чаклунство та біглих рабів. 3. Для того щоб всі могли прочитати його закони, він встановив кам’яний стовп у храмі. 4. Основні принципи Мойсеєва Закону викладено в перших п’яти книгах Старого Завіту. 5. Деякі закони Хаммурапі існують і досі, але у дещо іншій формі. 6. Перші найпростіші суспільства мали дуже прості закони. 7. Закони регулювали ціни на товари, питання спадщини, майнові угоди, а також володіння рабами. 8. Раніше він часто порушував закон, але зараз він законослухняний (law-abiding) громадянин. 9. Громадяни Вавилону могли прочитати закони, викарбувані на кам’яному стовпі у храмі вавилонському богу Мардуку. 10. Кодекс Хаммурапі ставив викрадання жінки поза законом.

B ) У 1901 році французькі археологи знайшли кам’яний стовп серед руїн перського міста Сузи. Текст, ввикарбуваний на кам’яному стовпі, був найдревнішим кодексом законів. Він був складений Хаммурапі, царем Вавилону, у 18-му столітті до нашої ери.

Кодекс складається із 282 статей. Встановлений у храмі вавилонського бога Мардука, «стовп законів» повинен був служити правосуддю і в той же самий час нагадувати: закони повинні знати всі. Кодекс стосувався усіх сфер життя. Він ставив поза законом вбивство, викрадення нареченої, помсту. Покарання за ці злочини були суворі. Вони засновані на принципі Таліону: покарання повинні бути рівними злочинові – око за око, зуб за зуб. За цим кодексом, людині, яка звинуватила (accuse) іншу і не могла представити свідка, що підтверджував її слова, погрожувала смертна кара за наклепництво.

Кодекс також стосувався питань майна та спадщини. Хаммурапі встановив грошовий штраф, який враховував як саме правопорушення, так і соціальний статус громадянина.

12. Speak about the following items:

1. The birth of law.

2. Hammurabi’s Code.

3. The Mosaic Law.

13. Write a mini-composition for or against the following statement ‘Laws haven’t changed since primitive times’.

Grammar Section

Past Simple & Past Continuous

1. Write the past simple of the verbs on the correct box.

Carve, apply, impose, stop, study, regulate, submit, apply, kidnap, employ, try, refer, destroy, live, settle, enjoy, tidy, ban.

-e + d E.g. injured
double consonant + ed E.g. tapped
consonant + y - ied E.g. fried
vowel + y + ed E.g. stayed

2. Write the past simple of the verbs in the correct box according to their pronunciations.

Land, attribute, book, dive, contribute, attach, present, start, jump, crash, need, look, prefer, attract, kiss, arrange, water, retain, clean, protest, pretend, prohibit, devise, establish, outlaw.

[id] E.g. translated
[t] E.g. asked
[d] E.g. opened

3. Write the forms of the following irregular verbs, as in the example.

The Іnfinitive Past Simple Past Participle Present Participle

to be was, were been being

to begin began begun beginning

beat, become, blow, break, bring, build, burn, burst, buy, catch, choose, come, cost, creep, cut, deal, dig, do, draw, drink, drive, eat, fall, feel, fight, fly, forbid, forget, forgive, freeze, get, give, go, grow, hang, have, hear, hide, hit, hold, hurt, keep, know, lay, lead, leave, lend, let, lie, light, lose, make, mean, meet, put, read, ride, ring, rise, run, see, seek, sell, send, set, shake, shine, shoot, show, shut, sing, sit, sleep, speak, spend, split, spread, stand, steal, strike, swear, sweep, swim, take, teach, tell, think, throw, understand, wake, wear, win, write.

4. Put the verb in brackets into the past simple or past continuous.

She 1) … (lie) in bed when she 2) …. (hear) a sudden noise. She 3) … (open) her eyes in horror. Someone 4) … (open) a downstairs window; they 5) … (try) to get into her house. She 6) … (climb) slowly out of bed and 7) … (creep) to the door. She 8) … (stand) very still and 9) …. (listen)carefully when she 10) … (see) a light downstairs. It 11) … (move) about as if someone 12) …. (hold) a torch and 13) …. (search) for something. She 14) …. (know) that they 15) …. (look) for her.

5. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or past continuous. Which was the longer action?

1. We ……….. (prepare) for the examination when the light ……. (go) out. 2. When I …………… (go) to University, I ……… (remember) that my report was at home. 3. They ….. (sit) and ….. (do) the test when their group-mate …. (come) in. 4. The secretary ……… (speak) on the phone when the customer ……….. (come). 5. When they …………(stand) at the bus stop, the car accident ….. (happen). 6. While I ……….(do) my homework, the phone ……… (ring).

6. A policeman is asking Mrs. Smith about a car accident she happened to see yesterday. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or past continuous.

P: What 1) ………… (you / do) when you 2) ……… (see) the accident, madam?

S: I 3) ………… (walk) down the street.

P: What exactly 4) ……………… (you / see)?

S: Well, the driver of the car 5) …………. (drive) down the road when suddenly the old man 6) ……….. (step) in front of him. It 7) …….. (be) terrible!

P: 8) …. (the driver / speed)?

S: No, not really, but the old man 9) ……… (not / look) both ways before he 10) ……… (try) to cross the road.

P: 11) …………………… (anyone else / see) the accident?

S: Yes; the lady in the post-office …. (do).

P: Thank you very much.

7. Fill in the blanks with the past simple or past continuous of the verbs in brackets.

In 2002, I _________ (1. graduate) from high school and _______ (2. start) to study at the University. I __________ (3. study) to be a lawyer when a war_______ (4. break) out in my country. I _________ (5. have) to leave my country. I _________ (6. go) to Thailand and ______ (7. live) in a refugee camp. While I _______ (8. wait) for permission to come to the United States, I _______ (9. study) English. Finally, after two years of waiting, I _______ (10. get) permission to come to America. While I _______ (11. travel) to the USA, I _______ (12. think) about all the changes in my life. I ________(13. feel) nervous and excited about coming to the US.

When I _________ (14. arrive) in New York, my sponsor _________ (15. wait) for me. He __________ (16. take) me to his house. While we __________ (17. drive) to his house, I ___________ (18. look) at the streets of New York. Everything ___________ (19. seem) strange to me. I _________ (20. think) of so many different things when, suddenly, my sponsor ________ (21. say), ‘Here we are.’ At this point, a new life ________ (22. start) for me.

8. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or past continuous.

A. As soon as Kate 1) …… (get) off the train, she 2) …… (pull) her coat around her. Rain 3) …… (fall) heavily and a cold wind 3) …… (blow) across the platform. She 4) …… (look) around, but no one 5) …… (wait) to meet her. She 7) ……… (turn) to leave when she 8) ………. (hear) footsteps. A man 9) ………. (walk) towards her. He 10) ……… (smile) at her, then he 11) …….. (say), ‘You’re finally here.’

B. George 1) ………. (pick) up his bag then, 2) ……. (throw) it over his shoulder. It 3) ……. (get) dark and he 4) ……. (have) a long way to go. He wished that he had let someone know that he 5) ….. (come). It 6) ….. (start) to rain, and he 7) …… (feel) cold and tired from the long journey. Suddenly, he 8) ….. (hear) a noise, then а car 9) …… (stop) beside him. A man 10) ….. (sit) at the wheel. He 11) …… (open) the door quickly and 12) …… (say), ‘Get in, George.’

C. Andy 1) ……. (step) into the house and 2) ………. (close) the door behind him. Everything 3) …… (be) quiet. His heart 4) ……. (beat) fast and his hands 5) ……. (shake) as he 6) …… (creep) silently into the empty house, but he 7) ……… (try) not to panic. He soon 8) …. (find) what he 9) ……. (look) for. He 10) ……(sigh) with relief as he put on the clothes. The man who 11) …. (follow) him would never recognize him.

9. Study the information on page and rewrite each person’s comment using used to or didn’t use to.

1. Hannah – ‘I don’t walk to work any more.’ 2. George – ‘I have got a dog now.’ 3. Alice – ‘I don’t eat junk food any more.’ 4. Lisa – ‘I go to the gym every day now.’ 5. Andrew – ‘I am not shy any more.’ 6. Edward – ‘I have a big law firm now.’ 7. Sandy – ‘I have many clients now.’ 8. Mary – ‘I don’t work as a judge any more.’

10. Now you have to write some sentences about a man who has changed his life-stile. Ben stopped doing some things and started doing others. Use used to or didn’t use to / would or wouldn’t.

He stopped

studying hard. going to bed early. jogging every morning.

He started

missing lectures. going out every night. smoking.

11. Complete the following sentences with used to / would.

1. People don’t observe the principle of revenge now, but they ________ in the ancient world. 2. Men don’t kidnap women they want for their brides anymore, but they ___________ in the ancient world. 3. A child who hit his father can’t lose his hand now, but he _____________ in the ancient world. 4. People can’t buy or sell other people now, but they _________________ in the ancient world. 5. False accusers don’t face death penalty any more, but they _____________ in the ancient world. 6. Punishments are not very cruel now, but they ______________ extremely harsh in the ancient world. 7. People don’t observe the principle of revenge now, but they _________ it in the ancient world.

12. Read these past-tense statements, then fill in the blanks with the perfect tense to talk about this month.

1. I took a test yesterday. I _________two tests this month. 2. I wrote two letters last week. I _________ six letters this month. 3. I went to the library yesterday. I _______there three times this month. 4. I made a report at the seminar once last week. I ________ reports twice this month. 5. It rained twice last week. It _______four times this month. 6. I was absent once last week. I _________ absent twice this month. 7. I had two interviews last week. I _______ three interviews this month.

13. Translate into English. A.

1. Я написав курсову роботу	(ось вона.) тиждень тому. щойно. вчора.	2. Він склав іспит	вчора. цього тижня. минулого тижня. вже.
3. Вони відшкодували збитки	два дні тому. нещодавно. сьогодні. днями.	4. Вона потрапила в аварію	вчора. цього тижня. щойно. два роки тому.

B. 1. Де твій товариш? – Він поїхав на конференцію. – Коли він поїхав? – Він поїхав кілька днів тому. – Ви коли-небудь приймали участь у наукових конференціях? – Так, я брав участь у нашій університетській конференції. 2. Де Миколаєнко? Чому він не прийшов до університету? – Я його сьогодні не бачив. Боюсь, він захворів. – Ні, ви помиляєтесь. Миколаєнко тут. Він пішов на лекцію. Але ви не можете поговорити з ним, тому що лекція вже почалась. – Коли вона почалася? – Вона почалася кілька хвилин тому.

C. 1. Я ніколи не був у Криму. – Я ніколи не був у Криму, коли був дитиною. 2. Ви коли-небудь говорили з ним на цю тему? -Ви коли-небудь говорили з ним на цю тему, коли готували статтю? 3. Я вже написав доповідь на цю тему. - Я написав доповідь на цю тему, коли вчився на першому курсі.

14. Examine the following statements about famous world figures. Fill in the blanks in the statements with regular or emphatic forms of the verbs in brackets, placing emphatic forms in the parts of sentences that make a contrast. (Note: To place special emphasis on a verb in the simple present or simple past tense the auxiliary do, does, or did can appear before the verb. E.G. ‘You didn’t do your homework.’ – I did do my homework!’

On August 9, 1974, Richard M. Nixon (1) resigned (resign) the presidency of the United States, disgraced by his involvement in the Watergate scandal. Many (2) ……. (predict) he would always be hated, but he persevered (наполегливо продовжувати) and (3) ………. (manage) to rehabilitate himself politically by the time of his death in 1994. On September 8, 1974, President Gerald R. Ford (4) …….. (pardon) Richard M. Nixon for any federal crimes he might have committed while he was president. This action probably (5) …….. (cost) Ford the 1976 presidential election, but it (6) …………. (help) the United States to recover from Watergate.

On March 26, Egyptian president Anwar el-Sadat (7) ………. (sign) the Camp David Accords with Prime Minister Menechem Begin of Israel. This action probably (8) ………. (cause) Sadat’s assassination (вбивство) in 1981, but it (9) …………… (promote) peace between Egypt and Israel.

On February 11, 1990, South African F.W. de Klerk (10) ……….. (free) black national leader Nelson Mandela from imprisonment, initiating the process of dismantling apartheid and creating a multiracial society. While South Africa’s road ahead may be fraught (повний) with peril (небезпека), the country (11) ……………. (have) a good chance to become a racially harmonious society.

In the late 1800s, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony (12) ………. (found) the National Woman Association. Their actions (13) …………. (lead) to the eventual granting of the vote to women in the United States and (14) ………… (influence) the achievement of women’s rights elsewhere in the world. While women today may not yet enjoy complete equality with men, they (15) …………. (have) vastly increased political power.

15. Translate into English.

1. Твоє повідомлення надійшло, коли я робив доповідь на семінарі. 2. Минулого семестріу я не пропустив жодної лекції. 3. Коли ми йшли вулицею, то побачили, як якийсь чоловік вдерся (to break into) до твоєї машини. 4. Я готувався до семінару з теорії права, коли ти зателефонував. 5. У стародавньому світі закони були недосконалими. 6. Я прочитав багато юридичної літератури, коли готувався вступати до університету. 7. Викладачі Київського університету проч