Сочинительные союзы
and
и
| The door opened and somebody came in.
|
both... and
как... так и
| He speaks both English and French.
|
as well as
так же, как и
| We have received your telegram as well as your letter.
|
or
или
| If you see any way you can help me, or I can help you, let me know.
|
but
но
| He is a hardworking not very intelligent worker but.
|
not only... but also
не только... но и
| We object not only to the terms of payment but also to the terms of delivery
|
either... or
или... или
| The manager is either at the office or at a meeting.
|
neither... nor
ни... ни
| Equilibrium is the economic condition in which there is neither excess demand nor excess supply in a market.
|
Для соединения независимых предложений служат также следующие союзы, наречия и предлоги:
Результат
so
так что, итак
| He started to go on about his problems so I finally left.
|
therefore
поэтому
| They heard the warning on the radio and therefore took another route.
|
that is why
поэтому
| I think that the police have something on him and that is why he wants to quit his job.
|
thus
таким образом
| We have failed. Thus we have to take the consequences.
|
consequently
следовательно
| The hole in the ozone layer is getting bigger. Consequently, the climate is changing.
|
otherwise/or else
иначе
| I went at once; otherwise I should have missed him.
Go away or else I won't finish my work today.
|
Противопоставление
although / though / even though
хотя
| Although her boss is very aggressive she is always able to hold her own in any dispute with him.
|
while / whereas
тогда как, несмотря на
| It was an easy task for an expert, while it is dangerous for a novice.
|
in spite of/ despite
несмотря на
| In spite of all precautions, information was seeping out.
|
however
однако
| Our environment is in danger. However, environmental disasters can be prevented.
|
nevertheless
тем не менее
| Her superior gave her some good advice. Nevertheless, she didn't follow it.
|
still / yet
тем не менее, всё же
| The working conditions here are quite good. Still, the job itself is too boring.
|
on the one/other hand
с одной/другой стороны
| He is very intelligent but on the other hand he is very lazy and is always late for work.
|
Дополнение
also / too / as well / either
тоже, также
| She is also a qualified worker. She is a qualified worker, too. She is a qualified worker as well. She is not a qualified worker either.
|
in addition
вдобавок
| The meeting was boring in addition to being long.
|
furthermore / what is more / moreover
более того
| You haven't prepared your report. And what is more you've left the office in a terrible mess.
|
besides
кроме того
| Besides costing too much, the scheme is impractical.
|
except
за исключением того, что
| The cases are quite parallel, except that A. is cheaper than B.
|
Подчинительные союзы
Союзы времени
when
когда
| It was the day when the world's first artificial satellite of the Earth was launched.
|
as / just as
в то время как
| The thought occurred to me as I was watching the procession.
|
while
пока, в то время как
| I have deputed the keeping of the accounts to my assistant while I am on holidays.
|
as long as
до тех пор пока
| As long as you insist on these terms, we will not come to an agreement with you.
|
till / until
до тех пор, пока не
| He cannot become a member until his attitude changes.
|
before
до того как
| Hear twice before you speak once.
|
after
после того как
| After I left my previous work I odd-jobbed around at anything I could get to do.
|
then
затем
| Then he made an about-turn and left the office.
|
since
с тех пор как
| He has acquired a new status since he was in that job.
|
as soon as
как только
| He'11 do the job as soon as he returns back home.
|
no sooner...than
как только... то
| This answer no sooner reached Britain, than the whole nation was transported with joy.
|
hardly... when
как только... то
| Hardly had I walked half-way towards the door when my co-worker called me back.
|
Союзы цели
lest
чтобы... не
| They wrapped the instruments lest they should be damaged by sea water.
|
so that /
in order that
чтобы; для того, чтобы
| I gave him the reference book so that he might study the subject at home.
|
so as to /
in order to
чтобы; для того, чтобы
| He did some of the translation so as to make the work easier for her.
|
Союзы причины
as
так как
| I must stop work now as I have to go out.
|
since
так как, поскольку
| Since the boss is pleased with the results, so are the subordinates.
|
for
так как
| He walked quickly, for he was in a great hurry.
|
because
потому что, так как
| I didn't come to the reception, because I was feeling unwell.
|
because of
из-за
| Many businesses break up because of a lack of money.
|
due to/owing to
из-за, благодаря
| Our flight was delayed due to a strike by air-traffic controllers.
|
Союзы условия
if
если, в случае если
| Не will get the letter tomorrow if you send it now.
|
in case
на случай, если
| I'll give you my mobile number in case you want to contact me.
|
unless / if not
если... не
| I'll prepare the provisional agenda tomorrow unless I'm too busy.
|
even if
даже если
| Even if I could afford my own house, I wouldn't buy one.
|
on condition (that)
при условии если
| I'll lend you some money on condition (that) you return it as soon as possible.
|
provided /
providing (that)
при условии если
| We'll deliver the merchandise provided
(that) you pay in time.
|
as long as /so long as
при условии если
| You can use my car as long as you drive carefully.
|
suppose / supposing (that) предположим, допустим
| Supposing (that) he doesn't come, who will do the work?
|
as if / as though
как если бы, как будто
| Why is she looking at me as if she knew me?
|
IV семестр
Типы условных предложений.
2.Словообразование. Основные суффиксы и преффиксы существительных, прилагательных, глаголов, наречий. Определение части речи по формальным признакам.
Работа с мини-текстом.