Exercises on adverbial clauses of unreal condition

 

Ex.1. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to make them hypothetical. Use the past tense of the conditional mood when speaking about the past, the present tense when speaking about the present or future. Translate each sentence into Russian.

Model: 1. I knew what to do

I should have known what to do

Я бы знал (тогда), что делать

2. Не will show you the way

He would show you the way

Он показал бы вам дорогу

1. Nobody minded in the least.
2. Nothing was said on the subject.
3. Someone is sure to object.
4. I simply don’t know where to find him.
5. He does not keep anything valuable in his room.
6. I don’t believe him.
7. They did not come in time.
8. She did not leave them without saying good-bye.
9. It was a mistake.

10. You will get a lot of experience that way.

11. Someone warned him in time.

12. People saw a low gray car pass at a wicked speed.

13. They refused to do anything about it.

14. You will be more comfortable in bed, dear.

15. The neighbours will complain of the children again.

16. Any girl will look her best in this outfit.

17. She guessed the truth at once.

 

Ex.2. Answer the following questions using the verb in brackets in the conditional mood:

Model: 1. Why don’t you show him how to do it? (to resent).

Because he would resent it.

2. Why didn’t you tell me so at once? (not to believe)

You wouldn’t have believed me.

1. Will you take a taxi? (to be too expensive)
2. Why didn’t you take Tony? (to get tired)
3. Did you explain it to her? (not to be interested)
4. Do you do all the exercises in written form? (to take too long)
5. Why don’t you wait for us, Mary? (to miss the train)
6. Do you want to see the new picture? (to be delighted)
7. Do you want to go for a walk after the meeting? (to be too tired)
8. Why didn’t you tell her it was not necessary? (to be hurt)
9. Why did you ask her for a party? (to feel left out)

10. Why didn’t you wash the sweater yourself? (to shrink to half its size)

 

Ex.3. Complete the following sentences. Use the present tense of the conditional wood to refer the sentence to the present or future. Use the past tense to refer it to the past:

A)Model: But for her nose, which is a little long

1. she should be rather pretty (now)
2. she should have been rather pretty (then)

1. But for one difficult place (the translation....
2. But for her slightly trembling hands (the girl....
3. But for her accent (she...
4. But for the wind (the day...
5. But for his words (we...
6. But for the kitchen which is really too small, the flat...
7. But for the spelling mistakes (the composition...
8. But for one or two mistakes she made at the very beginning (her report...
9. But for me (you....

10. But for my headache (I...

 

 

B) Model: I, we should do smth.

smb. would do smth. or (otherwise)

I, we should have done smth.

smb. would have done smth.

1. He is out or there (a light in the window)
2. You are new in these parts or I (to know smb)
3. She lost her temper or she (to speak so)
4. I was tired or (to make a mistake)
5. She had no idea of the meeting or she (to come)
6. You gave me the wrong address or I (to find the shop)
7. You don’t know the material or you (to give examples of your own)

Ex.1. Open the brackets. Use the Past Indefinite or the Past Perfect, depending on whether the sentence refers to the present, future or past:

Model: 1. We should have stayed there longer if it (not to

begin raining)

- if it had not begun raining

2. I’d tell him like a shot if I (to know) him better.

-if I knew him better.

1. Mother would worry herself sick if I (not to be) home by eleven o’clock.
2. The weather would have been right for a long walk if there (not to be) a threat of ram in the air.
3. If you (to know) what is good for you, you would not refuse.
4. If you (not to waste) all the time arguing, we should have got there already.
5. Even if nothing (to happen) to delay us, we should not be able to reach Sidney ahead of them.
6. If the taxi driver not (to recognize) him, we would have never been suspected.
7. Even you (not to go) so fast, we should not have found the right turning in the dark.
8. I should not have paid the slightest attention to his words if he (not to look) so upset.

Ex.2. Open the brackets. Use the present or past tense of the Conditional mood, depending on whether the sentences refer to the present or to the past:

Model: 1. If I had not seen it myself! not (to believe) it.

- I should not have believed it.

2. You not (to see) the coast-line if the weather were not exceptionally clear.

- would not see.

1. No one (to understand) anything if he had not been there to translate and explain.
2. There not (to be) any accident even if that woman had not screamed.
3. If you had lived there long enough you (to make) many friends among the fishing folk.
4. If I had a map of the island 1 (to go) there myself.
5. If the boys were here you not (to dare) to speak like that.
6. If the lights were better you (to see) traces of an inscription over the door.
7. Even if there had been people in the house they not (to hear) me.
8. If I knew the way I (to show) you how to get there.
9. If you had not been so nervous you (to notice) it yourself.

 

 

Ex. 3. Complete the following sentences using the words in brackets.

1. If it had not been for what he said (nobody – to believe).
2. If it had not been for your help and understanding (I – to achieve nothing).
3. If it were not for the children (we – to take a more interesting route).
4. If it were not for my bad foot (I – to go to the beach with them).
5. If it had not been for the rain (the forest fire – not to go out).
6. If it were not for you (she – to agree with our idea).
7. If it were not for a slight stammer (she – to have a good pronunciation).
8. If it had not been for this fall (he – to come first).

Ex.4.

A. Open the brackets. Refer the condition to the past, the result to the present

 

If I, we had done smth., I, we should do smth.;

Even if

Even though smb. had done smth., smb. would do smth.

 

1. If you (to take) her advice you (to know) what to do.
2. She (to be well) now if she (to stay) in bed a few days longer.
3. I (to show) you this place if I not (to promise) mother to be back by ten.

 

B. Complete the following sentences:

I, we should do smth.

If smb. were to do smth.

smb. would do smth.

1. I’m not sure I should know him...
2. What should we do...
3. Where would you find a doctor...
4. There would not be time enough to pack...
5. I believe I should take this job after all …

 

C. Make the sentences more emphatic by using the modal verb “would” in the clause of condition:

Model: The throat symptoms would trouble you less if only you did not smoke so much.

- if only you would not smoke so much.

1. The children would not annoy you if you did not pay attention to them.
2. I’d fix you a sort of meal if only somebody went and bought me some cigarettes.
3. No one would mind in the least if only you did not make such a noise.
4. Father would let you take the car if you left it clean.
5. I should be much better if you stopped asking me how I feel.
6. They would be all right if people let them alone.
7. Your health would be better if you stopped experimenting with one medicine after another.

 

Exercises on sentences.

Ex.1. Show that you are sorry the action took or did not take place in the past:

Model:

1. I lost my wrist watch.

If only I had not lost my wrist watch.

 

2. I did not give him my address.

Oh, if only I had given him my address.

 

3. Oh, if only I had given him my address.

1. I forgot to tell her about the lecture.
2. I did not leave any message.
3. I did not know her new address.
4. She promised to come and help them.
5. They did not know about that.
6. They found no taxi.
7. They stayed the night at a motel.
8. She switched off the lights before going to bed.
9. She did not read the paper that day.

10. They wrote and told her so.

 

Ex.2 Paraphrase the following sentences, using the set expressions to denote unreality:

1. I would prefer not to make any decision now.
2. She would prefer to leave dinner in bed.
3. They would have prefered to play tennis.
4. Would you prefer to go through the letters now.
5. She would prefer not to discuss it in public.
6. He would prefer to do it himself.

 

Note: “would rather” denotes preference

“had better” denotes advice

 

Ex.3. Pick out the Noun-clause or clauses in each of the following, and say whether it is the Subject to some verb, or the Object to some verb, or the Object to some preposition, or the Complement to some verb, or in Apposition to some noun expressed. Supply the Conjunction “that” whenever it has been left out:

1. No one knows when he will come, or whether he will come at all, or whether he is even alive.

2. How this came to pass is not known to any one.

3. What is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander.

4. It is quite evident rain will fall to-day.

5. The Equator shows where days and nights are of equal length.

6. What is one man’s meat is another man’s poison.

7. You must know that the air is never quite at rest.

8. I think I shall never clearly understand this.

9. We heard the school would open in ten days’ time.

10. The name “Volcano” indicates the belief of the ancient Greeks, that the burning hills of the Mediterranean were the workshops of the divine blacksmith, Vulcan.

11. Even a feather shows which way the wind is blowing.

12. Whatever faculty man has is improved by use.

13. The fool has said in his heart, “There is no God”.

14. “Know thyself”, was the advice given us by a Greek sage.

15. He did not know that his father had been shot.

16. The fact that you have not signed your name to a letter shows that you lack moral courage.

17. It will be easily understood how useful even the simplest weapons were to the first dwellers on the earth.

18. The question first occurring to the mind of a savage is how is fire to be made.

19. Common sense soon taught him that fire could be produced by rubbing two sticks together.

20. In chipping their flint weapons men must have seen that fire occasionally flashed out.

21. We learn from travellers that savages can produce fire in a few seconds.

22. He shouted out to the thief, “Leave this house”.

23. We cannot rely on what he says.

24. It is quite evident you have made a mistake.

25. It was very unfortunate that you were taken ill.

26. He was a man of fine-character except that he was rather timid.

 

 

Ex.4. Pick out the Adjective-clause or clauses in each of the following examples and point out the noun or pronoun qualified by it in some other clause. If the Relative pronoun has been omitted anywhere, supply it:

1. Man has the power of making instruments which bring into view stars whose light has taken a thousand years to reach the earth.
2. The first thing that man needed was some sharp-edged tool.
3. The exact time when the theft was committed was never found out.
4. The man by whom the theft was committed has been caught.
5. The house we lived in has fallen down.
6. This is the same story that I heard ten years ago.
7. It’s an ill wind that blows no one any good.
8. This is not such a book as I should have chosen.
9. He made his living by the presents he received from the men he served.

10. All that glitters is not gold.

11. In ponds, from which but a week before the wind blew clouds of dust, men now catch the re-animated fish.

12. A river is joined at places by tributaries that swell its waters.

13. Of what use is a knowledge of books to him who fails to practise virtue?

14. Fortune selects him for her lord, who reflects before acting.

15. Springs are fed by rain, which has percolated through the rocks or soil.

16. Nuncoomar prepared to die with that quiet fortitude with which the Bengalee, so backward, as a rule, in personal conflict, often encounters calamities for which there is no remedy.

17. I have seen the house where Shakespeare was born.

18. The plan you acted on has answered well.

19. They accepted every plan we proposed.

20. Surely the story you are telling me is not true.

21. The night is long that never finds the day.

 

Ex.5. Pick out the Adverb-clause or clauses in the following. Show what word or phrase is qualified by every such clause, and what Adverbial relation is denoted thereby:

1. He will succeed because he has worked hard.
2. Men engage in some work that they may earn a living.
3. He threatened to beat him unless he confessed.
4. He was always honest although he was poor.
5. This is not true so far as I can tell.
6. He likes you as much as I do.
7. He tried for a long time before he succeeded.
8. Let us go to bed as it is now late.
9. He walked with care lest he should stumble.

10. I agree to this provided you sign your name.

11. Though he punishes me, yet will I trust in him.

12. He returned home after he had finished the work.

13. Prove a friend before you trust him.

14. When the cat’s away the mice play.

15. He persevered so steadily that he succeeded at last.

16. I will let off this man who has been well punished already.

17. He sees very well considering that he is sixty years of age.

18. I gave him a prize that he might work harder next year.

19. They deserted their former associate who had become poor and unfortunate.

20. As the tree falls so will it lie.

21. Ever since we left the house, it has not ceased raining.

22. I should be glad to lend you that money if I had as much in my own pocket.

23. Murder, though it has no tongue, will yet speak.

Ex.6. Analyze each of the following sentences and say whether it is Simple or Complex:

1. He was the only son left to his widowed mother.

2. The sun is darting its rays from the edge of that cloud.

3. The king himself was willing to surrender.

4. The firm sent him out on a voyage of discovery.

5. Who steals my purse steals trash.

6. He deserves all the success that he can get.

7. The earnest endeavor of the Czar was to secure peace.

8. He called them up to explain to them his decision.

9. What to say or do at such-a time was a puzzle.

10. Sir Isaac Newton explained the ebb and flow of the tides.

11. He that has ears to hear, let him hear.

12. This is what they call a very modest request.

13. The thief was ordered to be locked up.

14. The night being now far spent, we must go no further.

15. The father and I sought the sorrowing.

16. It is easy to be wise after the event.

17. Whatever he says is right in his own opinion.

18. I cannot foresee what the consequences will be.

19. They sat themselves down on the bank to rest.

20. Fare thee well!—Byron.

21. Why is there so much wailing on board your ship?

22. They found the soldiers encamped on Salisbury Plain.

23. There are very few houses to let in this town.

24. They questioned him eagerly about the voyage.

25. It is never too late to mend.

26. The righteous shall be bad in everlasting remembrance.

27. He gave his eldest son the first choice.

28. Praising a man is not always to his benefit.

29. He told me with much sorrow what he had done.

30. I hope soon to take up the study of history.

31. He who complies against his will is of the same opinion still.

32. Being so far from her own country, she begged me to cake her back in my ship.

33. The above remarks are well worthy of attention.

34. I prefer riding a bicycle to riding a horse.

35. The old woman told him the sad story weeping.

36. One day he went to work in the garden.

37. His father died when he was ten years old.

38. He failed to fulfill his engagement punctually.

39. To place pleasure before duty is the mark of a fool.

40. I never knew any one so difficult to manage.

41. What puzzles me most is his quickness of hand.

42. My friend’s carpenter’s health has improved since yesterday.

43. The life of a hunter has no attractions for me.

44. He told me how, when, and where to find the thief.

45. I am not able to satisfy your curiosity.

46. Shortly after, he fitted out another ship for himself.

47. Youth and experience seldom exist together.

48. Digging is a very healthy form of exercise.

49. His jealousy for the honour of his calling is commendable.

50. How to answer such a question is beyond me.

51. I will tell you when I feel better.

52. I begin to feel better already.

53. The hope that he will soon recover is groundless.

54. That tree is above a hundred feet high.

55. I cannot satisfy your curiosity.

56. He walked ten miles without once sitting down.

57. What you have still to learn is perseverance.

58. The poor are always amongst us.

59. He ought not to have left his friend in the lurch.

60. How much do these poor men owe you?

61. The sailors overslept themselves next morning.

62. A thief should not go unpunished.

63. We were afloat on the river by 4 o’clock.

64. The result that we had so long waited for is out at last.

65. Though all his friends deserted him, he stood firm.

66. Why are all these men in such a hurry?

67. The innocent often suffer for the guilty.

68. Many of us had no sleep last night.

69. My son has learnt how to ride a bicycle.

70. The proof of the pudding is in the eating.

71. You cannot make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear.

72. Two hundred workmen have gone on strike.

73. What you offer to do is not what I want.

74. They appointed him trustee of the estate.

75. The ship having anchored, we can go ashore.

76. Alexander the Great, the son of Philip, conquered the king of Persia.

77. A man to carry my box must be sent for.

78. How he could have made such a mistake is a mystery.

79. There is no happiness without health.

80. A resting place could not be found.

81. What has made him so down-hearted is unknown to us.

82. To work and rest alternately is the common lot of man.

83. He loved nothing but vain and foolish pursuits.

84. He does not deserve to be more liberally treated.

85. Jonathan, the friend of David, refused the kingdom.

86. The excuse he made was not accepted.

87. God’s ways are different from ours.

88. Ail men think ail men mortal but themselves.

89. Those days have passed never to return.

90. However much you may try you will not deceive me.

91. He went away meditating on what he had heard.

92. To start in business without capital is almost impossible.

93. The firm has taken me into partnership.

94. On the completion of his schooling he was sent out to one of the colonies.

95. The last voyage of Sir Walter Raleigh was to the Orinoco river.

96. What we have seen is not what we expected.

97. The evil which men do lives after them.

98. The good is often interfered with their bones.

 

Ex. 7. Convert from Simple to Double or Multiple:

1. Seeing a bear coming, he fled.

2. Besides myself, every one else declares him to be guilty.

3. Before retiring, he must first serve twenty-five years.

4. After making a great effort, he at last gained his end.

5. In addition to advising them, he helped them liberally.

6. The agreement having been signed, all were satisfied.

7. Drawing his sword, he rushed at the enemy.

8. The judge believes with me in his innocence.

9. The sun having risen, the fog dispersed.

10. He will be dismissed in the event of his doing such a thing again.

11. You must take rest, on pain of losing your health.

12. He fled away, to escape being killed.

13. He escaped punishment by confessing his fault.

14. Approach a step nearer at peril of your life.

15. You must walk two hours a day to preserve your health.

16. For all his riches he is not contented.

17. Notwithstanding all his efforts, he failed to gain his end.

18. In spite of the opposition of all men, he never swerved.

19. In spite of our search, we could not find the book.

20. He had every qualification for success, except quickness of understanding
and decision of character.

21. He hated every one but himself.

22. He persevered, in spite of all men being against him.

23. He stuck to his point against every one.

24. Notwithstanding his recent failure, he is still hopeful.

25. He was honoured in virtue of his wealth.

26. He worked night and day, being desirous to excel.

27. He was taken ill through grief at the loss of his son.

28. By means of his great wealth, he was able to build himself a fine house.

29. He spoke the truth from fear of the disgrace of falsehood.

30. The letter, having been addressed to the wrong house, never reached me.

31. To our great disappointment, we failed to carry out our purpose.

32. To add to his difficulties, he lost his health.

33. The fog being very dense, we were forced to halt.

34. St. Paul continued preaching at Rome, no man forbidding him.

 

Ex.8. Convert from Multiple to Simple:

1.An ass accidentally found a lion’s skin, and put it on to frighten the other beasts.

2.He was fatigued with walking, and so he sat down to take a little rest.

3.Turn to the left and you will find the house of your friend.

4.Not only the tank, but even a part of the river was frozen over with ice.

5.The Judge, as well as the jury, believed the prisoner to be guilty.

6.You must work hard the whole term, and then you will get promotion.

7.He was the son of poor parents, and therefore he had to encounter many trials and difficulties at the outset of his career.

8.He was a poor man, and yet he was of an independent spirit at all times.

9.I advised him to make the best use of his time, but he paid no heed.

10. He was much frightened, but not much hurt.

11. Every effort was made to check the spread of cholera; yet a large number of persons died.

12. He was well fitted for that post by character and attainments; only he was rather too young and inexperienced.

13. He did his best to be punctual, but still he was occasionally behind time.

14. He is well versed in books, but wanting in common sense.

15. You must work hard, or you will not get promotion.

16. Give us some clear proofs of your assertion, otherwise no one will believe you.

17. A certain fowler fixed his net on the ground, and scattered a great many grains of rice about it.

18. The pigeons flew down to pick up the rice grains; for they were all hungry.

19. The old man frequently begged his sons to live together in peace, but he was disregarded.

 

Ex.9. Convert from Simple Sentence to Complex:

1. I was glad to hear of your having succeeded as well.

2. He is generally believed to have died of poison.

3. No one can tell the time of his coming.

4. He shouted to his neighbours to come to his help.

5. We can place no confidence in any of his words.

6. The usefulness of even the simplest weapons to men in the savage state will easily be understood.

7. We must hope for better times.

8. Tell me the time and place of your birth.

9. The verdict of the judge was in favour of the accused.

10. Our present house suits us exactly.

11. This role, the source of all our troubles, is disliked by every one.

12. The diamond field is not far from here.

13. He and his friends entered into a partnership binding themselves to incur equal risks.

14. Their explanation cannot be true.

15. The king took refuge in the fortress, being determined to make a last attempt in that place to save his kingdom.

16. He was a man of irreproachable conduct.

17. The snow line in India is about 20,000 feet high.

18. The troubles besetting him on all sides did not daunt him.

19. In the absence of any other helper, we must accept his aid.

20. The two chief points having been gained, success is now certain.

21. The problem was too difficult to be solved.

22. He worked very well, to the astonishment of every one.

23. Every precaution was taken against the failure of the plan.

24. They proceeded very cautiously for fear of being caught.

25. He started by night to escape being seen by any one.

26. He would be very thankful to be relieved of all this trouble.

27. With or without his leave, I shall leave the room.

28. Notwithstanding the heat of the sun we must go out.

29. In spite of all his richness, he is never contented.

Ex.10. Convert from Complex Sentence to Simple.

1. What he spoke on that occasion was unworthy a man of his age and experience.

2. That the rose is the sweetest and most beautiful of flowers is admitted by almost every one.

3. They are now ready to confess that the charge against my friend was groundless.

4. Even his friends admitted that what his enemies complained of was just and reasonable.

5. What we have learnt already is a step towards learning what we do not at present know.

6. They admit that Milton was a great poet, but deny that he was a good man.

7. What seemed most strange in the battle of Plassey was that the Nawab’s immense army should have been defeated by so small a force, and that the victory on the English side should have been so decisive.

8. I should like to be informed what character in English history you most admire.

9. I will now be bold enough to confess what my heart desires and how I shall obtain it.

10. From what you have read in this book, you have become acquainted with the state in which the Saxons were living, when the Normans arrived under William the Conqueror.

11. You will easily understand from what you have been told how much this book has displeased me by its bad teaching.

Ex.11. Define the type of sentences and state the method of converting one into another.

1. The explanation he gave was not to the point.
2. The year in which the school was opened was 1884.
3. Let us take a walk into the grove that adjoins my father’s house.
4. The army that Hannibal led against Rome was the most formidable that the Romans had up to that time encountered.
5. He was not fully aware of the extent of the dangers by which he was surrounded.
6. Mary Queen of Scots was the most unfortunate of all the sovereigns of that part of the century in which she lived.
7. The whole plan was upset by the course which affairs took after the 24th of May.
8. We decided on building a cottage in the vale that is watered by a streamlet which flows from a perennial fountain.
9. The people of Israel mourned in the land to which they had been taken captive.

10. The temple of Solomon was built on the site which David had taken from the Jebusites who were its former masters.

11. There was no rope whereby the boat might be tied to the river’s bank.

12. The intelligence that the lower animals display in the search for food and in the preservation of their young is something very different from what is called a blind instinct.

13. You are not the kind of man who would tell an untruth for the sake of an advantage that would be merely temporary.

14. This is a rule that must not be violated by any one, and admits of no variation.

 

Ex.12. State the method of converting sentences.

1. He drew the plan of the building more skillfully than any one else could have done it.
2. They were much alarmed, when they saw that their position was hopeless.
3. The king or queen cannot impose taxes, unless Parliament consents or approves.
4. If a man puts on the appearance of honesty, he can sometimes pass for honest.
5. Though he is a man of years and experience, he is still apt to be imprudent and thoughtless when some sudden emergency occurs.
6. The speaker declared he had changed his mind on that subject, so that the audience were much surprised and distressed.
7. As the sun has set, we had better start for home.
8. These men suspect that I am a swindler.
9. When the fire was put out and the inmates of the house rescued, the firemen removed the pumps, so that they might take a little rest.

10. As the judge has already decided the case, further defence is useless.

11. His mother will be much consoled, when she sees that her son has escaped from so many dangers.

12. I should be indeed sorry, if I were the cause of your ruin or stood in the way of your advancement.

13. He spoke so rapidly that we could not clearly understand him.

14. There is no branch of knowledge so difficult that it cannot be conquered by perseverance.

15. The rope in your hand is so long, that it will touch the bottom of the well, if a stone is tied to the end of it.

16. He was not so courageous, that he was willing to ride that spirited horse.

17. The moment I saw how industriously and patiently he worked, I decided that I would secretly give him some pecuniary help that very day.

18. He made such an excellent speech in defence of his friend, that every one admired and respected him.

 

Ex. 13. Convert from Double to Complex:

1. Hand over the prisoner to me, and I will examine him.
2. Take care of the pence, and the pounds will take care of themselves.
3. Only hold your tongue, and you can hold anything else.
4. He stands up to speak, and every one is at once silent.
5. Is any man sick? Let the elders pray for him.
6. I go to this place and that, and the same thought pursues me everywhere.
7. He confessed his fault, or he would have been punished.
8. Sign your name, or I shall not agree to this.
9. You must be careful of your money, or you will soon lose it.

10. Conquer the desires, or they will conquer you.

11. He is sixty years old, and yet he still has good sight.

12. Murder has no tongue, but it will some day speak.

13. All men were against him; nevertheless he persevered.

14. He might be ever so rich; yet he was greedy for more.

15. Go wherever you like, only you must not stay here.

16. In the discharge of duty he was a strict, but just man.

17. I thoroughly dislike that man, and therefore I cannot admire him.

18. It is now late; so we had better go to bed.

19. My son’s health was bad last year, and hence he was not promoted at the end of the term.

20. Food is raised by agriculture, which is therefore the foundation of all wealth.

21. My son has never done such a thing before: he should therefore be pardoned.

 

Ex.14. Convert from Complex to Double and Multiple:

1. You may keep this book, since you have earned it as a prize.
2. He will pay off all his debts in time, if only his creditors will have patience.
3. The enemy fled as soon as our guns came in sight.
4. Every man howled with pain, as he took his turn of the lash.
5. When you have worked out this sum, you may go out to play.
6. Could I but see that wonderful object, I would believe in its existence.
7. As soon as the trumpet sounded, the battle commenced.
8. He left for home yesterday as soon as he received that letter.
9. We selected this boy as the best in the class, after we had examined all of them.

10. He could do this, if he tried.

11. If our king should be slain on the battlefield, we still have his son to lead us against our enemies.

12. Though you may not be able to conquer, I exhort you to fight bravely to the last.

13. Brave as he is, he has few men around him, and may be defeated.

14. Grievous words stir up anger, though a soft answer turns away wrath.

15. Though the waves dash ever so high, the ship will not be lost.

16. If you do not hold your peace, you will be fined.

17. Unless he speaks the truth on your behalf, you will not be acquitted.

18. If we had helped him in the time of need, he would now be ready to give help to us.

19. If I had known the extent of his demand, I would not have promised to pay him.

20. Unless he works hard and in earnest, he will be certainly plucked.

21. If he buys that house, he will run into debt.

22. I must begin my book with a preface as other writers do.

23. Now that every one is convinced of your honesty, you are free to go.

24. Those bags should be carefully guarded, as every one is trying to steal them.

25. He worked hard, as he had an object to work for.

26. He was taken very ill, because he had lost his only son.

27. He spoke the truth, because he feared the disgrace of falsehood.

 

Ex.15 Define the classificational features of the following word-groupings:

The city proper; Quite melodiously; With no parents and no support; Good enough; In-fight explosion; Mother and I

The needs of the family; The Queen’s press secretary Stop talking

Ex.16 Build up the IC model of the sentences:

Mind you head!

She loves poetry.

I will miss you naturally

It is cheap but it is very good.

My left arm aced and my legs felt like wood.

New hand-held bags are introduced this season

I thought we went the other way last time.

Ex.17 Rewrite a correct sentence as directed. Make only changes as required by the directions. Comment on the modified sentence.

Model: As soon as I get home from work, I will wash the car. (Start the rewritten sentence with I will) I will wash the car as soon as I get home from work (A comma has been lost; The complex sentence which clauses are linked by the adverbial subordinator of condition)

 

1. I have arranged your interview with Adderly, and I will take you to see him on Monday.(Take out the second I.)

2. I have arranged your interview with Adderly, and I will take you to see him on Monday.(Take out and.)

3. Adderly is the only man you have yet to interview.(Start the sentence: There is only one man whom you.)

4. Arrowheads were often made of obsidian (volcanic glass) in the absence of metal. (Start the sentence: In the absence.)

5. Yesterday the Sioux City stockyards reported taking in 400 cattle and 300 sheep (Multiply each figure by 100.)

6. Willow bark contains various amounts of salicylic acid and was long used as an analgesic before the discovery of aspirin.(Insert it after and.)

7. “Should I really trust him with the secret?” I wondered aloud. (Start the sentence with I wondered and take out aloud.)

8. Let me know as soon as the undercoat is dry, and I will finish painting the car. (Start the sentence as soon as)

9. He still ownes more than $600. (Multiply each figure by 100.)

10. “For all I know,” he said,” I may drive the old car for another year.” (Change For all I know to I haven’t decided yet.)

 

Ex.18. Separate parts of the following sentences:

1. If you wish me to go please lend me some money.

2. This man loves his work and is happy that one hates his and is miserable.

3. He is now our president elect.

4. This is my next problem what do I do?

5. I am fond of New Orleans Seattle and Denver.

6. The boys sailed for Europe on June 22 1963

7. You will refuse won’t you?

8. She didn’t like her work and her distaste for it was evident for everyone.

9. I wondered should I tell the foreman of my mistake?

10.Soon after she got up and left the house.

Ex.19 The sentences bellow contain many errors in punctuation. Correct any you find.

1. Ms Jenkins- by the way is my favourite teacher.

2. To tell the truth I really don’t care.

3. The facts of her childhood were hardly ideal: she was born into poverty abandoned, at the age of six, and reared in an orphanage.

4. “ In those days she said you had to send children to school in Switzerland in order to qualify as a member of haute monde. ”

5. The members of the senior class who were wearing caps and gowns were enjoying the mingled feelings of pride and absurdity, usual on such occasions.

6. May’nt we come in now?

7. The deficit that year amounted to $8786983000.

8. She looked down saw the snake and screamed in terror.

9. Susan do you know the biology assignment

10. On Thursday June 14 2008,vacation for Fritz Willie and Scott will begin.

Exercises on punctuation (from Bibliography,14)

Ex.1. Insert semicolon as needed in each of the following sentences:

1. A President's power over the bureaucracy depends, in part, on respect born of fear during the first term it depends, in part, of the idea that a President may run again. -George Will

2. At the arterial end of a capillary, blood pressure is greater than osmotic pressure therefore, water leaves the capillary along with oxygen and nutrients that diffuse from the capillary. -Sylvia Mader

3. Women's rights is not only an abstraction, a cause it is also a personal affair. -Tony Morrison

4. We cannot establish instant security we can only build it step by step. - Margaret Mead

5. To take off a uniform is usually a relief, just as it is a relief to abandon official speech sometimes it is also a sign of defiance. -Alison Lurie

Ex.2.Insert a colon as needed in each of the following sentences:

1. All the poisonous snakes known to North America were in residence there rattlers, copperheads, cottonmouths, and corals. -Tom Wolfe

2. When an old woman in a nursing home was asked what she really liked to do, she answered in one word "Eat." -Malcolm Cowley

3. After all, turkey tastes very similar to haddock same consistency, same quite remarkable absence of flavor. -Michael J. Arlen

4. The Fifth Amendment is, of course, a wise section of the Constitution you cannot be forced to incriminate yourself. -Lillian Hellman

5. Almost anything can trigger a specific attack of migraine stress, allergy, fatigue, and abrupt change in barometric pressure, a contretemps over a parking ticket. - Joan Didion

 

Ex.3.Insert dashes in the appropriate places in the following sentences:

1. All pupils brought their dinners in baskets corn dodger, buttermilk and other good things and sat in the shade of the trees at noon and ate them. -Mark Twain 2. The entrepreneur individualistic, restless, with vision, guile and courage has been the economists' only hero. -John Kenneth Galbraith

3. I would have evaded and for how long could I have afforded to delay? learning the great lesson of school, that I had a public identity. –Richard Rodriguez

4. Polar explorers one gathers from their accounts sought at the Poles something of the sublime. -Annie Dillard

5. The fighters in the ring are time-bound is anything so excruciatingly long as a fiercely contested three-minute round? but the fight itself is timeless. –Joyce Carol Oates

Ex.4. Insert single and double quotation marks as needed in the following sentences. Circle the number preceding any sentence that is already correct.

l. Why, the lecturer asked, do we say Bless you! or something else when people sneeze but do not acknowledge coughs, hiccups, and other eruptions?

2. She said that sneezes have always been regarded differently.

3. Sneezes feel more uncontrollable than some other eruptions, she said.

4. Unlike coughs and hiccups, she explained, sneezes feel as if they come from inside the head.

5. She concluded, People thus wish to recognise a sneeze, if only with a Gosh.

 

Ex.5.Each of the following may require the addition of one or more hyphens. Add one as needed. If an entry is correct as it stands, write Correct.

1. The long distance runners looked buoyant as they passed the fifteen mile mark.

2. Organised by a well known sponsor, the race had attracted a number of world renowned athletes to compete before an all European audience.

3. Over three-quarters of the contestants were from Germany and Russia.

4. Many had come from medium sized towns with populations ranging from twenty one thousand to over fifty five thousand.

5. The front runners moved so fast that even spectators on ten speed bicycles had trouble keeping up with them.

6. After the race the winner told reporters of his long term plans for acquiring more trophies.

 

Ex.6.Use the periods correctly:

1. The instructor asked when Plato wrote The Republic?

2. Give the date within one century

3. The exact date is not known, but it is thought to be around 370 BC.

4. Dr Arn will lecture on Plato at 7:30 PM.

5. The area of the lecture hall is only 1600 sq ft.

Ex.7.Revise the following sentences so that question marks (along with other punctuation marks) are used correctly.

1. In Homer's Odyssey, Ulysses took seven years to travel from Troy to Ithaca. Or was it eight years. Or more?

2. Ulysses must have wondered whether he would ever make it home?

3. "What man are you and whence?," asks Ulysses's wife, Penelope.

4. Why does Penelope ask, "Where is your city? Your parents?"?

5. Penelope does not recognise Ulysses and asks who this stranger is?

Ex.8. Revise the following sentences so that exclamation points (along with other punctuation marks) are used correctly. If a sentence is punctuated correctly, circle the number preceding it.

1. As the firefighters moved their equipment into place, the police shouted, "Move back!."

2. A child's cries could be heard from above: "Help me. Help."

3. When the child was rescued, the crowd called "Hooray."

4. The rescue was the most exciting event of the day!

5. Let me tell you about it.

 

Ex.9.Insert commas as necessary to separate items in series in the following sentences.

1. Our fire escapes were densely inhabited by mops short lines of washed socks geranium plants boxes of seltzer bottles and occasional dramatic scenes. -Kate Simon

2. Meteorologists were commissioned to make detailed portraits of New Jersey's coastal temperatures humidity precipitation fogs thunderstorms tornado potentialities and "probable maximum hurricanes." -John McPhee

3. She had no confidence in books written in English paid almost nothing for them and sold them for a small and quick profit. -Ernest Hemingway on Sylvia Beach

4. It used to be understood that no matter how low your estimate of the public intelligence was how greedily you courted success or how much you debased your material in order to popularise it, you nevertheless tried to give the audience something. -Pauline Kael on contemporary movies

Exam Questions

1. The 2 branches of Grammar, their interconnection. Links of Grammar with other branches of Linguistics.

2. Hierarchic structure of language. Segmental and supra-segmental levels.

3. The plane of content and the plane of expression. Polysemy, homonymy, synonymy. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. Language and speech.

4. Notion of the morpheme. Types of morpheme. Suffixes and inflexions. Types of word-form derivation.

5. Distributional analysis in studying morphemes. Types of distribution. Distributional morpheme types.

6. Grammatical meaning, form, categories. Notional categories and their relation to Grammar.

7. The field theory approach to parts-of-speech classification. Classification of parts of speech in English. Ch.Fries’ classification.

8. The noun as a part of speech. The problem of the category of gender.

9. The category of number of the noun.

10. The problem of the category of case of the noun. Different case theories.

11. The article.

12. The adjective. Degrees of comparison. Substantivization of adjectives. Adjectivization of nouns.

13. The verb as a part of speech. Classification of verbs.

14. The category of aspect of the verb.

15. The composite sentence. Compound sentence.

16. The principal parts of the sentence: the subject and the predicate. Types of predicate.

17. The verbals. The infinitive.

18. Word order in English.

19. The category of tense of the verb. The problem of perfect forms.

20. The complex sentence.

21. The category of mood of the verb.

22. The category of voice of the verb.

23. The phrase, its definition. H.Sweet’s, E.Kruisinga’s and O.Jespersen’s theories of the phrase.

24. Complicated sentences.

25. Types of phrases. Syntactic relations between the components of a phrase.

26. Notion of the sentence. Classification of sentences. Types of sentences.

27. Actual division of the sentence.

28. The secondary parts of the sentence: the object, the attribute, the adverbial modifier.

29. Participle II.

30. The ing-forms.

 

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