Find definitions to the words.

1. Acceleration. 2. Shell. 3. Axle. 4. Visibility. 5. Reason.

A. Outer structure of a vehicle. B. Bar or rod that passes through the centres of pair of wheels. C. Making or being made quicker, rate of speed per unit of time. D. Fact serving as cause of or justification for smth. E. Field of view.

 

Fill in the gaps with the appropriate word.

1. The chassis is the main … of the modern vehicle. 2. A pressed steel … forms a skeleton on which the component parts of the vehicle are mounted. 3. The body is flexibly bolted to the … during the manufacturing process. 4. The combination of body and frame absorbs the reactions from the movement of the….. 5. In modern small car designs there has been a trend toward combining the chassis frame and the body into ….

A. single structural element. B. structure. C. engine and axle. D. frame. E. chassis.

 

Match the synonyms.

1. Component 2. Skeleton. 3. Movement. 4. Device 5. Pattern.

A. Motion. B. Tool C. Model. D. Part. E. Basis.

 

Match the antonyms.

1. Acceleration. 2. Resist. 3. Separate. 4. Presence. 5. Modern.

A. Absence. B. Braking. C. Give up. D. Single. E. Old fashioned.

 

Name the parts.

A. Base framework of a motor-vehicle on which the body and working parts are mounted. B. Clutch, gears and drive, which transmit power from the engine to the rear axle of a motor-vehicle. C. Device for directing the course of a car. D. Device for reducing speed or stopping motion. E. Parts by which a motor-vehicle is supported on its axles.

7. Translate the 1^st paragraph of the text.

 

UNIT 10.

Translate the words and learn them.

energy-conversion	pollution
include	alternate
steam	source
rotary	refinement
reciprocating	competitive
diesel engine	emission
gasoline engine	device
reliability	capacity
operate	pressure
efficiency	rate

Read and translate the text.

ENGINE

A wide range of energy-conversion systems has been used experimentally and in automotive production. These include electric, steam, solar, turbine, rotary, and a variety of piston-type internal combustion engines. The most successful for automobiles has been the reciprocating piston internal-combustion engine, operating on four-stroke cycle, while diesel engines are widely used for lorries and buses. The gasoline engine was originally selected for automobiles because it could operate more flexible over a wide range of speeds, and power developed for a given weight engine was reasonable; it could be available, moderately priced fuel-gasoline model. Reliability, compact size, and range of operations later became important factors.

There has been an ongoing reassessment of these priorities with new emphasis on the pollution-producing characteristics of automotive power system. This has created new interest in alternate power sources and internal-combustion engine refinements that were not economically feasible in prior years. Although a few limited-production batteries powered electric vehicles have appeared from time to time, they have not proved to be competitive owing costs and operating characteristics. The gasoline engine, with new emission-control devices to improve emission performance, has not yet been challenged significantly.

In the late 1940s a trend began to increase engine horse-power, particularly in American models. Design changes incorporated all known methods of raising engine capacity, including increasing the pressure in the cylinders to improve efficiency, increasing the size of the engine and increasing the speed at brought a return to smaller engines, four– and six-cylinder designs rated as low as 80 horsepower.

European automobile engines were of a much wider variety, ranging from 1 to 12 cylinders, with corresponding differences in overall size, weight, piston displacement, and horsepower ratings from 19 to 120.