Renaissance humanism in Europe

Renaissance humanism was an activity of cultural and educational reform engaged by scholars, writers, and civic leaders who are today known as Renaissance humanists. It developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth centuries, and was a response to the challenge of Mediæval scholastic education, emphasizing practical, pre-professional and -scientific studies. Scholasticism focused on preparing men to be doctors, lawyers or professional theologians, and was taught from approved textbooks in logic, natural philosophy, medicine, law and theology. The main centers of humanism were Florence and Naples.

Rather than train professionals in jargon and strict practice, humanists sought to create a citizenry (sometimes including women) able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity. Thus, they would be capable of better engaging the civic life of their communities and persuading others to virtuous and prudent actions. This was to be accomplished through the study of the studia humanitatis, today known as the humanities: grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry and moral philosophy…

30) That period XVI - first half of XVII century. in the Commonwealth is characterized by rapid ideological opposition in the political and religious matters, namely between the Reformation and Counter-Reformation. Traditional society is the largest country in Eastern Europe need
показати повністю..30) THAT PERIOD XVI - FIRST HALF OF XVII CENTURY. in the Commonwealth is characterized by rapid ideological opposition in the political and religious matters, namely between the Reformation and Counter-Reformation. Traditional society is the largest country in Eastern Europe needed reforms and face the task of public choice. One of the manifestations of the transition to capitalism in ideology was spreading Protestant doctrine in Christianity as opposed to Catholic. The value of the Reformation in the Commonwealth as a whole is beyond the state borders. It is noticeably blended into the European Reformation, brought her experience and originality. However noble the Reformation was a superficial phenomenon, was not in a serious theological foundation. That is what is the reason that many members of the nobility returned to the bosom of Catholicism [9, p.. 180]. The earliest was Lutheranism - in the first years after the speech of M. Luther. Within the Polish state Lutheranism spread mainly in Royal Prussia, notably - in the western part of Wielkopolska. In the 1530's in Great Poland and the Lublin province, and settled in Silesia arrived mainly from the German Anabaptists ("perehreschentsi") - Representatives of the sect that sought to baptize people in the conscious age when, in her doctrine, and only possible "true" initiation to the Christian faith. In 1548-1551 he was the Wielkopolska to come here, mainly in cities, settled a large number of Czech brothers, members of fraternal communities (Jednota bratrska), who fled from the repression to which resorted Czech kings, Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I after the suppression of the Prague uprising in 1547 it, in the same time as the Czech Brethren, on Polish lands penetrated Calvinism - religions established in the West by Jean Calvin in 1536, when he published his most important work "Guide to Christian faith." In the second half of 1550 years of Calvinism has become the leading Polish protestantyzmu.Reaktsiyeyu direction of the Reformation was the Counter-Reformation, or offensive forces at all costs tried to restore undermined the position of the Catholic Church, to withdraw it from the crisis into which it fell due to the spread of Protestantism. As in every country of Europe Roman Catholic, Church of the Polish lands was a major landowner (it belonged to one fifth of all lands). The largest church among the feudal lords were hnyeznenskyy archbishop, Krakow and Wroclaw bishops. Many lands owned by individual monasteries. Church and enriched by various exactions from the laity. Church ideology reigned unchallenged. Dependence of the church from the Roman curia was unshaken. To those who dared to shake the foundations of the Polish Church, was a challenge. Facilitated its implementation of its internal disorder. Widespread neglect of the clergy were to carry out its duties, lack of discipline, dissolute life.