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Electric Power Interruptions

On November 9, 1965, at 5:16 p.m., a back-up relay failed at one of the five main transmission lines at No. 2 station near Toronto, Canada. As the load had shifted to the other four lines, they became overloaded and as a result the relays failed in all four lines. The failure resulted in the load being shifted to the other plants in the system. The plants got overloaded, which caused them to shut down. Within minutes, power plants in Canada, New York, and the New England states got out of service. The blackout affected 30 million people and covered an area of 306,000 sq m. In some areas, such as New York City, power was not restored for about 13 hours.

This massive power blackout resulted in the construction of the na­tional Electric Reliability Council in June 1958. This counci1 sets stan­dards for the design, operation, and maintenance of generating and transmissions systems. These standards serve to prevent a failure in one power system from spreading to other systems. Yet local system fail-uses cannot be avoided.

Nowadays in some European countries and in the US there are from 60 to80 power interruptions per year, in which there is a loss of service for customers for more than 15 minutes. Mostly these interruptions are caused by weather conditions - ice, freezing snow, lightning or storms. There can be also failures of equipment - transformers, relays, insulators and so on. However, the reliability of electric service is extremely high.

 

Unit VII

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International cooperation.

Since the oil crises of the 1970's international cooperation has be­come an increasingly important factor in energy policy for most coun­tries of the industrial world. It arose from the need to cope effectively with the disruptive impact of oil-price increases on the economy. In­ternational cooperation has contributed substantially to the formulation and application of concerted actions to reduce dependency on oil and respond collectively to emergency situations.

Despite progress, it was soon realized however that energy issues couldn't be solved by industrial countries alone, working in isolation. Nor was it a matter of redistributing energy resources and proceeds from oil-trade between oil producing and consuming countries. Ener­gy policy can no longer be applied without due attention to the realities of an increasingly interdependent world economy, in which long-term issues, like the environment, population growth and the advancement of less developed countries raise serious concerns.

Consequently, international energy cooperation has been included as an integral part of the energy policy of the European Union. The need to strengthen cooperation is further underlined by recent events and developments taking place within as well as outside the Union. In the first place, policy objectives and priorities have con­centrated on the establishment of a Single Market to include the energy sector, as a means towards increasing availability and reducing the cost of energy supplies throughout the Union. Given the energy situation prevailing in most of the Member States, attaining this objective de­pends heavily on the extent to which energy relations with other countries can be promoted and secured. The specific EU Programme con­centrates on the transfer of energy policy know-how and strategies to Third Countries with the following approach:

- the global objective of securing energy supplies at reasonable prices;

- facilitating collaboration between European companies and ma­jor energy producing and consuming industries in third countries;

- protection of the environment from industrial pollution.

Despite recent economic setbacks, many of the newly emerging world economies are being fuelled by massive increases in energy use and this will have significant repercussions on the environment. Some estimates predict that India and China will be responsible for as much as a quarter of the world's total CO₂ emissions by the year 2010. The energy/ environment interrelation is subsequently very important and has been reflected in many cooperation activities, particularly in the area of clean coal technologies or renewable energy sources such as wind, small hydro, solar, photovoltaic, solar thermal and biogas.

Energy co-operation should function in close collaboration with both national administrations and regional organizations. Such coopera­tion not only contributes to economic development but also to peace and stability for the countries.

 

Vocabulary.

to cope with-справляться с чем-либо

disruptive impact- разрушительное влияние

to reduce dependency- сократить зависимость

a matter of- дело

interdependent- взаимозависимый

single market- единый рынок

reasonable prices- разумные цены

to facilitate collaboration- способствовать сотрудничеству

industrial pollution- промышленное загрязнение

economic setback- экономический спад

to emerge- появляться

to contribute to economic development- делать вклад в экономическое развитие

lo have repercussions on- иметь влияние на

2.выполните упражнения:

1) найдите в тексте английские определения, соответствующие русским словосочетаниям:

1.Эффективно справляться с

2.Деструктивное влияние на

3.Уменьшить зависимость от

4.Реагировать на экстренные ситуации

5.Обеспечение энергосбережения

6.Вызывать серьезную обеспокоенность

7.По разумным ценам

2) Подтвердите верны ли утверждения:

1. It was soon realized however that energy issues couldn't be solved by industrial countries alone.

2. Energy policy can be applied without due attention to the realities of an increasingly interdependent world economy.

3. International energy cooperation has been included as an inte­gral part of the energy policy of the United Nations.

4. The specific EU Programme concentrates on the transfer of en­ergy policy know-how and strategies to Third Countries.

5. Some estimates predict that India and China will be responsible for as much as a quarter of the world's total CO₂ emissions by the year 2010.

 

3) Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Why has the international cooperation become an increasingly important factor in energy policy for most countries of the industrial world?

2. What is the need to strengthen cooperation further underlined by?

3. Why couldn't energy issues be solve by industrial countries alone?

4.What does the specific EU Programme concentrate on?

5. What do some estimates predict?

6. What was included into general energy policy?

7. What raise serious concerns?

8. Why will there be significant repercussions on the environment?

4) скажите где –ing и -ed окончания являются причастием?

1. Energy issues couldn't be solved by industrial countries alone, working in isolation.

2. The need to strengthen cooperation is further underlined by re­cent events and developments taking place within as well as out­side the Union.

3. Despite recent economic setbacks, many of the newly emerg­ing world economies are being fuelled by massive increases in energy use.

4. Water-turbine plants are called hydroturbines.

5. The transmission system selected for everyday use is based on the com­bined activity of telecommunication and computers.

6. Being a semiconductor, germanium is widely used in transistors.

7. Switch board is an assemblage of controlling and indicating devices mounted upon a frame.

5) Используя информацию текста продолжите предложения:

1. the article deals with...

2. it is specially noted...

3. the text gives a valuable information...

4. it draws our attention to...

 

Control text.

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