Завершите предложения, выбрав соответствующее окончание в правом столбце.

1. Engineering is...	a) many new sources of power such as electricity, gasoline, atomic power, etc.
2. It is based on...	b) the Industrial Revolution began.
3. In ancient times engineering work was done...	c) one of the most ancient oc­cupations in history.
4. In the Middle Ages the methods and devices of work...	d) and much stronger materials to work with.
5. In the 18th century...	e) by means of slave labor.
6. Steam gave man...	f) became more efficient.
7. Since the 19th century both scientific research and its practical application...	g) theoretical sciences such as physics and mathematics.
8. In the 20th century the mechanical engineer had...	h) great sources of energy.
9. The engineer has new and...	i) have greatly progressed.

 

 

GRAMMAR REVISION

Категория временной отнесенности: Perfect/Non-Perfect

1. Прочитайте следующие предложения. Переспросите о происходящем действии. Дайте отрицательный ответ на вопрос.

1. Pavel has worked at the factory for 12 years. 2. Our engineers have improved this new method of work. 3. They had completed their work by 5 o'clock yesterday. 4. This plant has developed new types of vehicles such as electromobiles, cars with magnetic suspension and so on. 5. For years my friend has dreamed of becoming a technical engineer.

Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.

1. The ZIL Works has already manufactured a new truck model with an engine that is protected against cold. 2. Every object of our industrialized world has practically flown from the machine. 3. The construction of the KAMAZ complex within such a short period has become possible only by using the latest achievements of science and technology. 4. Graduation theses of these students were based on material they had accumulated while working at the Student Design Bureau. 5. Finally, when the planning engineer had ordered the material, the tool engineer had designed the tools and the design engineer had given the specification on the drawings, production began. 6. The chemical engineer will have completed the experiments by the 21st of June. 7. Michael Faraday gathered together and set in order all the work of the scientists who had worked on electrical problems before him.

Раскройте скобки и поставьте глагол в нужную форму.

1. Не (to like) physics and mathematics when he (to be) at school. 2. Let's try to answer questions which you (not to ask) yet. 3. Several famous scientists (to make) reports at the conference yesterday. 4. I already (to see) this device at the exhibition. 5. When you (to discuss) this problem with our chief engineer? — We (to discuss) it a few days ago. 6. Radical changes (to take place) in this country since then.

 

TEXT 3

Vocabulary

triangle ['traIxNgl] треугольник

pure scientist [pjuq'] ученый-теоретик

research engineer инженер-исследователь

generalization['GFnrqlaI'zeISqn] обобщение

design[dI'zaIn] проектировать, разрабатывать

concern[kqn'sWn]зд. Интересоваться

perhaps [pq'hxps] может быть, возможно

 

THE ESSENTIAL TRIANGLE

Technological and industrial progress depends on the scientist, the engineer and the technologist — an essential triangle. Each makes major contribution to progress. The engineer depends upon the scientist for new knowledge and upon the technologist for specialized assistance in translating engineering plans into operating reality.

The scientist can make his contribution to progress through the investigation of the unknown.

The interests of the research engineer are in the area of applied science and research. Scientists work in a world of generalizations and ab­stractions. The technologist, on the other hand, works in the real world of specific things and concrete objects. His problems are practical and they require practical solutions. He is more interested in how to do things. He must understand engineering tables and formulas and apply them in his work. The scientist, the research engineer, the technologist — all play an important role in the modern world.

The principal work of the engineer is design. He has to design products, machines and production systems. Like the research engineer, the engineer asks "why?" Like the technologist, he is also concerned with "how?"

The engineer must combine many of the characteristics of the scientist, research engineer and technologist. He must have a basic knowledge of the sciences, and understanding of the abstract techniques of the research engi­neer and he should know much of the technology employed by technologists.

Perhaps the most important function of the engineer is to integrate the work of the essential triangle. His interest must be in combining the abstract-theoretical world and the technical-practical world.

TEXT-BASED ASSIGNMENTS

LANGUAGE STUDY

1. а) Найдите в тексте существительные, образованные от приведенных ниже глаголов, и уточните их значения.

to know, to contribute, to assist, to investigate, to generalize

б) Найдите в тексте глаголы, от которых образованы приведенные ниже существительные, и уточните их значения.

requirement, combination, integration

в) Переведите предложения с найденными вами существительными и глаголами на русский язык.