Трансформируйте следующие предложения в прошедшее и будущее время, используя соответствующие формальные показатели времени, и переведите их на русский язык.

Model:

The engineer must know all the properties of this material.

The engineer had to know all the properties of this material.

The engineer will have to know all the properties of this material.

1. You must use this equipment. 2. The scientists can test their new apparatus in the laboratory. 3. This plant can provide our research institute with a new type of fuel equipment. 4. This scientist may investigate new means of production. 5. Our scientific research laboratory must launch a new programme this year. 6. New tyres of this plant can have a longer period of their durability. 7. He may use these reference books for his report. 8. Nobody can lift this heavy tyre.

6. а) Найдите в тексте предложения с указанными в таблице моделями и переведите их на русский язык.

б) Определите, какие из высказываний соответствуют содержанию текста.

1. The technologist is to solve practical problems. 2. The engineer is to integrate the work of the essential triangle. 3. The scientist has to design products, machines and production systems. 4. The technologist is to investigate the unknown. 5. The engineer must apply engineering tables and formulas in his work. 6. The pure scientist is to work in the area of applied science and research. 7. The engineer should apply his theoretical knowledge to practice.

Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs) (продолжение)

а) necessary/not necessary — необходимо/нет необходимости

б) possible/not possible — возможно/невозможно

в) permitted/not permitted — разрешено/не разрешено

Necessary	Not Necessary
must	needn't don’t need doesn’t need
Possible	Not Possible
can	mustn't can't
Permitted	Not Permitted
may can	may not can't/cannot mustn't

 

Примечание: Need может быть и модальным и полнозначным глаголом. В качестве модального глагола он обычно используется в отрицательной форме и за ним следует инфинитив без частицы to.

Например:

We needn’t provide new information this week.

В качестве полнозначного глагола need используется с частицей to.

Например:

But I need to know more about this project.

7. Прочитайте следующие предложения. Переспросите о происходящем действии и дайте отрицательный ответ на вопрос. Обратите внимание на то, что модальный эквивалент have to образует вопросительную и отрицательную форму с помощью вспомогательного глагола do.

Model:

— Не had to meet this delegation of engineers from the Tula plant.

— Did he have to meet the delegation of engineers from the Tula plant?

— No, he didn't have to meet this delegation from the Tula plant.

1. All the units of a new tractor can be produced at this plant. 2. Our laboratory has to launch a new programme this month. 3. The scientist was allowed to take part in the conference on automobile designing. 4. This new minibus can hold 18 passengers. 5. Everybody must be present at the lecture of Prof. Ivanov. 6. Student Smirnov is to defend his diploma project next month, 7. This new plant is to build only body fixtures. 8. She may use this new device for testing her design.

TEXT 4

TEXT A. ENGINEERING

Today machines have to withstand such tremendous stresses and to be able of such complex motions that complicated and specialized calculations taking hundreds of factors into account are needed in the design of even quite a simple machine like a motor-car engine.

So, as engineering progresses, engineers must become ever more scientific and specialized. Today the branches of engineering are so wide that it is impossible to classify them satisfactorily. But we may try to divide them into uses. The main divisions of engineering may be listed as follows:

1. Mechanical engineering.

Steam engines, internal combustion engines, turbines (steam, gas, water), pumps; compressors; machine-tools; mechanisms.

2. Electrical engineering.

a) Power: generators; motors; transformers; transmission (power lines and so on).

b) Electronics: radio, radar, television.

3. Civil engineering.

Dams; tunnels; roads, and so on.

4. Structural engineering.

The structural details of all large buildings and bridges.

5. Chemical engineering.

Any of these branches of engineering may require the special services of the following specialists: the metallurgist; the strength of materials expert; the thermodynamics of heat expert, the mechanics or machines experts; the various production engineering experts such as the engineering designer or the tool designer; the mathematician specializing in engineering problems and many more.

The engineer must also deal with the economists to assure himself that he is producing what is wanted, and economically.

GRAMMAR REVISION

Неопределенные местоимения