B. Translate the text in writing. Write an essay on the topic using relative clauses.

Palestine Before WWI

The anti-Semitic climate in Europe in the 19^th century had much to do with the influx of Jews into Palestine, a situation that was largely responsible for the beginning of civil and religious unrest there and the subsequent involvement of some of the world’s most powerful nations. During the early to mid 1800’s, Palestine was held by the Ottoman regime and while the elements of interaction between the Palestinians and the Ottomans were tense, this period served to develop for the Palestinians a number of survival strategies that were built around the Ottoman system of political and economic power. By 1840 major changes on the civil level were already underway in Palestine. The Palestinians themselves were becoming more comfortable with state institutions and the burgeoning economy that was created by Muhammad ‘Ali’s influence also created new opportunities for the Arabs. Both the 19th century and 20th century colonization of Palestine introduced and generated the development of capitalism and ultimately Palestine’s position of political and economic significance to other countries. By the time the British took Palestine in 1918, they had already been formulating its purpose as a stepping stone to gaining other regions as well as a Zionist outpost. At the very same time that it was playing Zionism against the Arabs, The British were utilizing Arab nationalism against Turkey. In order to elicit the help of the Palestinian Arabs against the Turks, the British promised their independence after World War I. To gain the assistance of the Jews, the British promised them a national home.

UNIT 9. READING, TRANSLATING AND WRITING

I. Conditional clauses

Main points: We use conditional clauses to talk about a possible situation and its results. Conditional clause can begin with if. A conditional clause needs a main clause to make a complete sentence. The conditional clause can come before or after the main clause.

I. Match these parts to make conditional sentences.

 

1 If one of the dogs attacked, … 2 If you were late for the train, … 3 If you moved to the country, … 4 If the dog had attacked, … 5 If the train is late, … 6 If you move to London, … 7 If you stayed in Birmingham, … 8 If you drive too fast, … 9 if you had missed your connection, …

A … you could always go by bus. B … I can take you by car. C … there’s sure to be an accident. D … you could live in our house. E … you would certainly have been late. F … it could have killed one of the children. G … you could buy a bigger house. H … you’ll be closer to the office. I … you would get a nasty bite.

 

II Use if -conditional clauses.

Watch the video “Spartacus”. Find your own solutions to problems discussed in the film.

Write an essay on Spartacus. Find more information about Spartacus from Internet and other sources. Make your own predictions, using conditional clauses.

III. Read and translate the text in writing. Give a summary of the text.

Peace treaty of Cadesh

Excerpts of the Peace Treaty between Ramses II and Hattusili III were found on walls of the Karnak Temple in Amon Egypt and engraved upon clay (the Babylonian version, found in Asia Minor). This peace treaty is the result of the “inconclusive” Battle of Kadesh (1286-1269 BC) and shared opposition from the Sea People and Assyrians toward both the Hittites and Egyptians. This peace treaty is the earliest recorded diplomatic document to date. Surprisingly, copies of both the Hittite and the Egyptian versions have been found, as well as a copy in the Akkadian language. The Egyptian version had been embellished with much praise to Ramses II, in keeping with the “more is better” lavishness of Egyptian elites during the New Kingdom. The New Kingdom, from 1567-1085 B.C., saw a rise in Egypt’s centralized power, and affluence unlike the world had witnessed prior to this time. Thus, Ramses II felt led to save face by not admitting defeat, by claiming glory for a victory he didn’t actually win, and for the treaty. Presented without the Ramsesian fluff, the Hittite copy seems to be more near the original. Both copies do, however, contain the heart of the agreement, that each country would agree to not encroach upon the other and that each country would come to the aid of the other for military support if the need arose. Also included in the treaty is an agreement that each country would extradite political refugees. The treaty was sealed by mutual agreement that the ‘gods’ were considered witnesses of the treaty.

IV. WRITING A NARRATIVE

Narrative.

Main points: Writing a narrative think about these questions: How does the story begin? How will you describe the characters and places? How does the story end? How can you make the ending more dramatic and interesting for readers?

Useful language:

A. Describing when things happen: One day/night… The following day… A few moments later… After a while…

B. Making the story more interesting: To their surprise … Feeling tired/terrified, they … Suddenly … Eventually …

C. Here are some time phrases we use to tell stories: the beginning of the story – once there was a man…, one day…, many years ago …, the middle of the story – the following day/night…, after a while…, a few weeks passed…, a few days later…, the end of the story – eventually …, finally…, in the end …