Text 9. College and university

Like high school, the four undergraduate grades are commonly called freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior years (alternatively called first year, second year, etc.). Students traditionally apply for admission into colleges. Schools differ in their competitiveness and reputation; generally, the most prestigious schools are private, rather than public. Admissions criteria involve the rigor and grades earned in high school courses taken, the students' GPA, class ranking, and standardized test scores (Such as the SAT or the ACT tests). Most colleges also consider more subjective factors such as a commitment to extracurricular activities, a personal essay, and an interview. While colleges will rarely list that they require a certain standardized test score, class ranking, or GPA for admission, each college usually has a rough threshold below which admission is unlikely ^.

Once admitted, students engage in undergraduate study, which consists of satisfying university and class requirements to achieve a bachelor's degree in a field of concentration known as a major. (Some students enroll in double majors or "minor" in another field of study.) The most common method consists of four years of study leading to a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.), a Bachelor of Science (B.S.), or sometimes another bachelor's degree such as Bachelor of Fine Arts (B.F.A.), Bachelor of Social Work (B.S.W.), Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.,) or Bachelor of Philosophy (B.Phil.) Five-Year Professional Architecture programs offer the Bachelor of Architecture Degree (B.Arch.)

Professional degrees such as law, medicine, pharmacy, and dentistry, are offered as graduate study after earning at least three years of undergraduate schooling or after earning a bachelor's degree depending on the program. These professional fields do not require a specific undergraduate major, though medicine, pharmacy, and dentistry have set prerequisite courses that must be taken before enrollment.

Some students choose to attend a community college for two years prior to further study at another college or university. In most states, community colleges are operated either by a division of the state university or by local special districts subject to guidance from a state agency. Community colleges may award Associate of Arts (AA) or Associate of Science (AS) degree after two years. Those seeking to continue their education may transfer to a four-year college or university (after applying through a similar admissions process as those applying directly to the four-year institution, see articulation). Some community colleges have automatic enrollment agreements with a local four-year college, where the community college provides the first two years of study and the university provides the remaining years of study, sometimes all on one campus. The community college awards the associate's degree, and the university awards the bachelor's and master's degrees.

Graduate study, conducted after obtaining an initial degree and sometimes after several years of professional work, leads to a more advanced degree such as a master's degree, which could be a Master of Arts (MA),Master of Science (MS), Master of Business Administration (MBA), or other less common master's degrees such as Master of Education (MEd), and Master of Fine Arts (MFA). Some students pursue a graduate degree that is in between a master's degree and a doctoral degree called a Specialist in Education (Ed.S.).

After additional years of study and sometimes in conjunction with the completion of a master's degree and/or Ed.S. degree, students may earn a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) or other doctoral degree, such as Doctor of Arts, Doctor of Education, Doctor of Theology, Doctor of Medicine, Doctor of Pharmacy, Doctor of Physical Therapy, Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine, Doctor of Podiatry Medicine, Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, Doctor of Psychology, or Juris Doctor. Some programs, such as medicine and psychology, have formal apprenticeship procedures post-graduation, such as residencies and internships, which must be completed after graduation and before one is considered fully trained. Other professional programs like law and business have no formal apprenticeship requirements after graduation (although law school graduates must take the bar exam to legally practice law in nearly all states).

Entrance into graduate programs usually depends upon a student's undergraduate academic performance or professional experience as well as their score on a standardized entrance exam like the Graduate Record Examination (GRE-graduate schools in general), the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT), or the Law School Admission Test (LSAT). Many graduate and law schools do not require experience after earning a bachelor's degree to enter their programs; however, business school candidates are usually required to gain a few years of professional work experience before applying. 8.9 percent of students receive postgraduate degrees. Most, after obtaining their bachelor's degree, proceed directly into the workforce.

 

 

Student’s Life

Задание 1. Прочитайте обращение к студентам Оксфордского университета, переведите.

Hello everyone,

I think it is really important to ensure that the lifestyle I will have at university suits me, so I thought I would just ask a few questions to current Oxford medical students or alumni about their time at Oxford. Obviously everybody's experience is different but I would really like to hear about experiences which people have had; the good and the bad.
There are a lot of questions but I want to have a good idea of what my life would be like at the university before I apply so I know if it does suit me. Feel free to answer as many or as few as you like. Any idea that you can give me on Oxford life as a student will be very helpful.

Thank you.

Задание 2. Прочитайте вопросы и ответы, переведите: Read the answers and translate:

1. How many essays or assignments did you receive a week?
А: This varies hugely between colleges and time of year etc. In first and second year between 1 and 3 essays a week for me but more in other colleges. In 3rd year one essay every other week but they take a lot more time plus your ongoing project and coursework essay work.

В:(2-3 essays, usually 800-1500 words. Or short note type questions. In the final year, you only have 8 tutorial slots available, so that means 4 each term in practice. But these are much more substantial pieces of work).

2. How many hours did you work on average a week?
А: As much as you can motivate yourself to do.

В: Official contact time probably added up to 5 hours per day or so. I did about 10 hours on top of this at a guess. So 35 hours total.

3. Was there a particular time of year or term when the pressure suddenly increased or the work got a lot harder?
А: Exams are in summer term in first year, before Easter in second year, summer term in 3rd year. I found I had a lot of work in the second term of second year in particular.

В: Exam-time! Term 3 of year 1, term 2 of year 2, term 3 of year 3. Plus the Big Scary Dissertation Deadline at the end of term 2 of year 3.

4. Was it difficult settling in to your college?
A: It really depends what type of person you are - do you settle in most places? If so, I'm sure you'll settle into any college fine.
B: No, I found the college and the people in it very welcoming indeed, and adjusted very quickly.

5. Was there a big leap in the amount of work or the difficulty of the work set from sixth form to uni.?

Yes there was but you have much more time to do the work.

Was there a big leap in the amount of work or the difficulty of the work set from sixth form to uni.?
Probably a bit more work and certainly at a higher level, but it was an increase I'd been expecting and was ready, even hopeful f

6. Were you able to have a reasonable amount of social life?
Yes. But not like the arts (especially English) students!
Definitely - I made plenty of friends and wasn't short of time to see them.

7. Were there lots of activities or societies to suit your needs?
I found it difficult personally to find a music group I liked because I came from a very high standard of wind band at home though unfortunately I was personally at the bottom end of the band. Here it tends to be the big bands which ask for very high standard and commitment which I don't think I'd have passed the auditions for, or the college groups which because they don't push the commitment have fewer attendees and rehearsals can be very short.
Loads, including a lot that I'd never considered before.

8. I understand that the focus at Oxford is independent learning. However, are there people to turn to for help if you are confused or stuck on a certain topic?
In the first 2 years you should see your tutors every week. The independent learning will go as far as revising what you're told in lectures and practicals and preparing for tutorials and practicals. So you find out at the practical/tutorial if you're 'right' and you can always ask your tutor/demonstrator for help.
College tutors are mostly very approachable - you can also learn a lot from your peers, and from students in the years above.
9. What was the best thing about going to Oxford?
I didn't go anywhere else so can't really compare or say I got something here I wouldn't have got elsewhere.
You're immersed in a community of people of diverse interests who are intelligent and do interesting things - and there's always something to do.
10. What was the worst thing about going to Oxford?
Exams were tougher than elsewhere in general. Failing policy can be tough in some colleges. I felt a lot of the time like I was right at the bottom of the year and if I'd just gone somewhere else I could have been higher in rankings.
Also, reapplying for clinical school is an extra stress you only get at Oxbridge and I want to go to London now. I may not have got to go where I wanted (thankfully I am) so if I'd gone in the first place it would have all been much easier....or that's how I feel being here - may not be the case.
I struggled with the final year, as there's a big leap from the contact-intensive style of years 1 and 2 to playing at being a proper science student, largely on your own.
11. How many lectures/ seminars/ tutorials do you have week?
First two years about 10 lectures, 1 seminar, 2 tutorials a week.
Third year about 3 lectures and 1 seminar a week and a tutorial every other week.

About 25 hours total, including 1-2 practicals\anatomy teaching slots per week, perhaps 2-3 tutorials usually.

Задание 3. Обсудите следующие моменты. Discuss the following points:
1. How many essays or assignments did you receive a week?
2. How many hours did you work on average a week?
3. Was there a particular time of year or term when the pressure suddenly increased or the work got a lot harder?
4. Was it difficult settling in to your college?
5. Was there a big leap in the amount of work or the difficulty of the work set from sixth form to uni.?
6. Were you able to have a reasonable amount of social life?
7. Were there lots of activities or societies to suit your needs?
8. How many lectures/ seminars/ tutorials do you have a week?

 

 

Самостоятельная работа, задание: Темы для презентаций: 1. Оксфорд, Кембридж – знаменитые университеты Великобритании 2. Крупные вузы США. 3. Студенческая жизнь в США и Великобритании.

Герундий представляет собой неличную глагольную форму, выражающую название действия и обладающую как свойствами существительного, так и свойствами глагола. В русском языке соответствующая форма отсутствует. Герундий обозначает действия, процессы, состояния и образуется прибавлением суффикса - ing к основе глагола: to read читать — read ing чтение. Его функции во многом сходны с функциями инфинитива, также сочетающего свойства существительного со свойствами глагола. Герундий, однако, имеет больше свойств существительного, чем инфинитив.

 

ФОРМЫ ГЕРУНДИЯ

 

	ACTIVE	PASSIVE
INDEFINITE	asking	being asked
PERFECT	having asked	having been asked

 

№ п/п	СХОДСТВО ГЕРУНДИЯ С СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫМ
	Может иметь определение, выраженное притяжательным местоимением или существительным в притяжательном или общем падеже	I know of your reading. Я знаю, что вы много читаете.
	Может сочетаться с предлогом	I insist on your going there now. Я настаиваю на том, чтобы вы пошли туда сейчас.
	В предложении выполняет те же функции

 

ФУНКЦИИ ГЕРУНДИЯ В ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИИ
№ п/п	ФУНКЦИЯ	ПРИМЕР
	Подлежащее	Running long distances requires much training. Бег на длинные дистанции требует хорошей тренировки.
	Именная часть составного сказуемого	My favourite form of rest is reading. Мой любимый вид отдыха — чтение.
	Прямое дополнение	I like reading books. Я люблю читать книги.
	Предложное дополнение	I heard of his being sent to the South. Я слышал о том, что его посылают на юг.
	Определение (обычно с предлогами of и for)	I like his method of teaching. Мне нравится его метод преподавания.
	Обстоятельство	After working at some plant you will know your speciality better. После того как вы поработаете на заводе, вы лучше овладеете своей специальностью.

 

Кроме того, герундий может входить в состав сложных существительных: reading -room читальный зал, writing -table письменный стол.

 

№ п/п	СХОДСТВО ГЕРУНДИЯ С ГЛАГОЛОМ
	Имеет залог (действительный и страдательный)	I like writing letters. Я люблю писать письма. The baby likes being spoken to. Ребенок любит, когда с ним разговаривают.
	Имеет простую и перфектную формы. Перфектный герундий, так же как и перфектный инфинитив, выражает действие, которое произошло ранее действия, выраженного сказуемым	I know of his coming to Moscow. Я знаю, что он приезжает в Москву. I know of his having come to Moscow. Я знаю, что он приехал в Москву.
	Может иметь прямое дополнение	I like reading books. Я люблю читать книги.
	Может определяться обстоятельством, выраженным наречием	I like walking slowly. Я люблю ходить медленно.

 

Формы герундия совпадают с формами причастий, и их образование происходит по тем же правилам, по которым образуются формы причастий.

 

В русском языке нет форм, соответствующих формам герундия, ввиду чего изолированно, вне предложения, они не могут быть переведены на русский язык. Indefinite Gerund Active по своему значению приближается к русскому отглагольному существительному: reading чтение, smoking курение, waiting ожидание.

 

ГЕРУНДИЙ В ФОРМЕ ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНОГО (ACTIVE GERUND) И СТРАДАТЕЛЬНОГО (PASSIVE GERUND) ЗАЛОГА

Герундий может выражать действие, не относящееся к определенному лицу или предмету:

 

Swimming is a good exercise.

Плавание — хорошее физическое упражнение.

В большинстве случаев, однако, действие, выраженное герундием, относится к определенному лицу или предмету:

I think of going to the south in the summer. Я думаю поехать на юг летом. (going относится к подлежащему I)

 

Thank you for coming. Благодарю вас за то, что вы пришли.

(coming относится к дополнению you)

 

Когда действие, выраженное герундием, совершается лицом (или предметом), к которому оно относится, то употребляется герундий в форме Active:

Не likesinviting his friends to his house. I rememberhaving shown her the letter. He entered the room without noticing her.

Он любит приглашать к себе своих друзей. Я помню, что я показывал ей это письмо. Он вошел в комнату, не заметив ее.

 

Когда же действие, выраженное герундием, совершается над лицом (или предметом), к которому оно относится, то употребляется герундий в форме Passive:

Не likesbeing invited by his friends. I rememberhaving been shown the letter. Не entered the room withoutbeing noticed.

Он любит, когда его приглашают его друзья. Я помню, что мне показывали это письмо. Он вошел в комнату незамеченным.

В некоторых случаях герундий в форме Active употребляется со значением герундия в форме Passive. Это возможно после глаголов to need, to want, to require нуждаться, требоваться и после прилагательного worth стоящий: My shoes need repairing. This book is worth reading.

 

Грамматический тренинг.

 

Задание1. Вставьте глагол в нужной форме — инфинитив или герундий. В некоторых случаях подойдет любая форма.

Пример: Please remember to post (post) this letter.

John intends to buy (or buying) (buy) a house.

 

a. A: You lent me some money a few months ago.

B: Did I? That’s strange. I don’t remember _________ (lend) you any money.

b. When you see Tom, remember _____________ (give) him my regards, won’t you?

c. What do you intend ___________ (do) about this problem?

d. Someone must have taken my bag. I clearly remember ___________ (leave) it by the window and now it has gone.

e. When she saw what had happened, she began ____________ (laugh) loudly.

f. Sue needed some money. She tried ___________ (ask) Gerry but he couldn’t help her.

g. He tried _________________ (reach) the shelf but he wasn’t tall enough.

h. “Did you remember _____________ (phone) Ann?” “Oh no, I completely forgot.”

i. I asked them to quiet but they continued __________ (make) a lot of noise.

Ответы:

a. lending; b. to give; c. to do/doing; d. leaving; e. to laugh/laughing; f. asking; g. to reach;

h. to phone; i.to make/making

 

 

Задание 2.Раскройте скобки, употребив слова в правильной форме.

Пример: 1) I can’t imagine her (drive) a car. I can’t imagine her to drive a car.

2) He agreed (buy) his son a new CD player.

3) The problem is easy (solve).

4) The man asked me how (get) to the bank.

5) I look forward to (see) you at the weekend.

6) Are you thinking of (visit) New York?

7) We decided (stay) in that beautiful town.

8) The teacher expected Michael (study) hard.

9) He doesn’t mind (work) the night shift.

10) I learned (ride) a bike at the age of 6.

11) The girl goes on (read) the book.

 

Задание 3. Переведите на русский язык.

1. I called every morning to see if there was any news.
2. We stopped to have a smoke.
3. He came here to speak to me, not to you.
4. The car was waiting at the door to take them to the station.
5. To explain the problem he drew diagrams all over the blackboard.
6. The steamship “Minsk” was chartered to carry a cargo of timber from St. Petersburg to Hull.
7. Under clause 35 the charterers were to supply the steamer with icebreaker assistance to enable her to enter or to leave the port of loading.
8. To meet the increased demand for industrial goods, a great number of new shops have been opened in the towns.
9. The first lot is ready for shipment, but to economize on freight we have decided to ship it together with the second lot.
10. Please send us your instructions at once to enable us to ship the machines by the 20th of May.

Задание 4. Переведите на английский язык, используйте конструкцию «Сложное дополнение» где это возможно.

1. Он хочет, чтобы мы пришли к нему сегодня.
2. Я хотел бы, чтобы вы подождали меня здесь.
3. Он хочет, чтобы его сын стал врачом.
4. Он хочет, чтобы его послали в С.-Петербург на конференцию.
5. Она хочет, чтобы ее пригласили на вечер.
6. Мы не хотели, чтобы нас прерывали.
7. Хотите ли вы, чтобы я вам помог?
8. Я хочу, чтобы его статья была опубликована.
9. Доктор не хочет, чтобы вы ехали на юг.
10. Он хочет, чтобы груз был застрахован.
11. Она не любит, чтобы дети готовили уроки вечером.
12. Она любит, чтобы обед был вовремя.
13. Он не любит, когда его прерывают.
14. Он хочет, чтобы ему задавали вопросы.

Задание 5. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в форму инфинитива или герундия, чтобы получились грамматически верные предложения.

1. When I’m tired, I enjoy... television. It’s relaxing. (watch)
2. It was a nice day, so we decided... for a walk. (go)
3. It’s a nice day. Does anyone fancy... for a walk? (go)
4. I’m not in a hurry. I don’t mind... (wait)
5. They don’t have much money. They can’t afford... out very often. (go)
6. I wish that dog would stop... It’s driving me mad. (bark)
7. Our neighbour threatened... the police if we didn’t stop the noise. (call)
8. We were hungry, so I suggested... dinner early. (have)
9. Hurry up! I don’t want to risk... the train. (miss)
10. I’m still looking for a job but I hope... something soon. (find)

Задание 6. Закончите предложения используя инфинитив или герундий.

Answer, apply, be, listen, make, see, try, use, wash, work, write

1. He tried to avoid... my question.
2. Could you please stop... so much noise?
3. I enjoy... to music.
4. I considered... for the job but in the end I decided against it.
5. Have you finished... your hair yet?
6. If you walk into the road without looking, you risk... knocked down.
7. Jim is 65 but he isn’t going to retire yet. He wants to carry on....
8. I don’t mind you... the phone as long as you pay for all your calls.
9. Hello! Fancy... you here! What a surprise!
10. I’ve put off... the letter so many times. I really must do it today.
11. What a stupid thing to do! Can you imagine anybody... so stupid?
12. Sarah gave up... to find a job in this country and decided to go abroad.

Задание 7. Поставьте инфинитив с /без частицы- to или герундий, чтобы предложения были грамматически верными.

1. She doesn’t allow... in the house. (smoke)
2. I’ve never been to Iceland but I’d like... there. (go)
3. I’m in a difficult position. What do you advise me...? (do)
4. She said the letter was personal and wouldn’t let me...it. (read)
5. We were kept at the police station for two hours and then we were allowed... (go)
6. Where would you recommend me... for my holidays? (go)
7. I wouldn’t recommend... in that restaurant. The food is awful. (eat)
8. The film was very sad. It made me... (cry)
9. Carol’s parents always encouraged her... hard at school. (study)

 

Самостоятельная работа:

 

1. Бонк Н.А., Котий Г.А., Лукьянова Н.А. Учебник английского языка. В 2-х частях. Ч.I.– М.:ГИС, 2012.–640 с.

 

Задания: Стр.375 упр.18б Стр.377 упр.14.

 

2.Колесникова Л.И. Учебные задания по английскому языку для студентов 2 курса неязыковых факультетов. – Владимир: ВГПУ, 2002,48с.

Стр.10-11 упр.1,2,3,4