Unit 6. Market structure and competition

Think of some durable consumer goods that your family possesses - perhaps a car, a television, a stereo, a camera, a personal computer, a cooker, a fridge, a hair dryer, and so on. Think of your casual clothes, especially jeans and sports shoes. Think of toys you had as a child. Think of the brands of food and drink you habitually consume, including breakfast cereals, chocolate, tea and instant coffee. Think of the products you use to wash yourself and your clothes.

In each case, do you know whether the company that makes them is one of the following?

· the market leader (with the biggest market share)

· the market challenger (the second-biggest company in the industry)

· one of many smaller market followers

If you buy or have bought products that are netproduced by the market leader or a well-known market challenger, what is the reason?

· chance

· price

· because the product has a 'unique selling proposition' that appeals to you

· because you need something special, and are part of a particular niche or market segment

Give examples.

Read the following text and write short headings for each paragraph.

Market leaders, challengers and followers

1.......................................................................................................

In most markets there is a definite market leader: the firm with the largest market share. This is often the first company to have entered the field, or at least the first to have succeeded in it. The market leader is frequently able to lead other firms in the introduction of new products, in price changes, in the level or intensity of promotions, and so on.

2.......................................................................................................

Market leaders usually want to increase their market share even further, or at least to protect their current market share. One way to do this is to try to find ways to increase the size of the entire market. Contrary to a common belief, wholly dominating a market, or having a monopoly, is seldom an advantage: competitors expand markets and find new uses and users for products, which enriches everyone in the field, but the market leader more than its competitors. A market can also be expanded by stimulating more usage: for example, many households no longer have only one radio or cassette player, but perhaps one in each room, one in the car, plus a minidisc player or a Walkman or two. 3.......................................................................................................

In many markets, there is often also a distinct market challenger, with the second-largest market share. In the car hire business, the challenger actually advertises this fact: for many years Avis used the slogan 'We're number two. We try harder.' Market challengers can either attempt to attack the leader, or to increase their market share by attacking various market followers.

4.......................................................................................................

The majority of companies in any industry are merely market followers which present no threat to the leader. Many market followers concentrate on market segmentation: finding a profitable niche in the market that is not satisfied by other goods or services, and that offers growth potential or gives the company a differential advantage because of its specific competencies.

5.......................................................................................................

A market follower which does not establish its own niche is in a vulnerable position: if its product does not have a 'unique selling proposition' there is no reason for anyone to buy it. In fact, in most established industries, there is only room for two or three major companies: think of soft drinks, soap and washing powders, jeans, sports shoes, and so on. Although small companies are generally flexible, and can quickly respond to market conditions, their narrow range of customers causes problematic fluctuations in turnover and profit. Furthermore, they are vulnerable in a recession when, largely for psychological reasons, distributors, retailers and customers all prefer to buy from big, well-known suppliers.

Vocabulary

barriers to entry	барьеры входа
cartel	картель (одна из форм объединения промышленных, коммерческих или политических организаций)
dominant-firm oligopoly	господствующая олигополия
entrepreneur	предприниматель
marginal cost	маржинальная стоимость
market challenger	рыночный претендент (фирма в отрасли, которая борется за увеличение своей рыночной доли, за вхождение в число лидеров)
market concentration	рыночная концентрация, концентрация предложения (показывает, насколько большая доля рынка приходится на относительно малое количество фирм; одним из наиболее известных инструментов измерения рыночной концентрации является индекс Херфиндаля)
market follower	рыночный последователь (фирма в отрасли, которая проводит политику следования за рыночным лидером)
market leader	компания, занимающая самую большую долю рынка
market structure	рыночная структура
monopolistic competition	монополистическая конкуренция
monopoly	монополия
monopsony	монопсония, монополия покупателя
natural monopoly	естественная монополия
oligopoly	олигополия
patent	патент
product	продукт
differentiation	модификация (придание товару уникальных черт, качеств с целью сделать его отличным от конкурентной продукции)
unique selling proposition	уникальное торговое предложение
vulnerable	уязвимый