II. Complete these sentences using each of the phrases above in the appropriate form.

1 Mrs Barker................................................all requests for product information.

2 I couldn't find a client's phone number yesterday................................................., I thought, but my boss was furious.

3 The latest trade figures may................................................the government's hopes of an early recovery.

4 Women still often get..............................................at work — less pay for the same work and fewer opportunities for promotion.

5 The agreement included an attractive discount and two years' free maintenance, so it was…………………………..

6 I...............................................with you — if you replace me on Tuesday, I'll work for you on Saturday.

7 It was............................................., so both buyer and seller went away happy.

8 It's a large export company, which................................................all types of antique furniture and jewellery.

9 Of course we care................................................about the quality of service we provide.

10 A: I want $1,000.

B: Make it $950.

A: OK then, $950 -.................................................

 

 

UNIT 4. COMPANY STRUCTURE

READING

I. Before reading the text find the meaning of the words below in the dictionary. Learn them by heart.

a successive level a superior a subordinate to carry out a department to perform the chief executive to occupy a position to take financial decisions to encourage innovation to pass on responsibility decision-making ability

последующий уровень начальник подчиненный выполнять отдел выполнять исполнительный директор занимать должность принимать финансовые решения поощрять инновации перекладывать ответственность способность принимать решения

COMPANY STRUCTURE

 

Organizing structure is considered by many to be “the anatomy of the organization”, providing a foundation within which the organization functions”.

There can be different kinds of organization structure, and firms can change their organization structure by becoming more or less centralized.

Most organization have a hierarchical or pyramidal structure, with one person or a group of people at the top, and increasing number of people below them at each successive level. All the people in the organization know what decision they are able to make, who their superior (or boss) is (to whom they report), and who their immediate subordinates are (to whom they can give instructions). This structure is one of the simplest and it’s also called a line structure.

Yet the activities of most companies are too complicated to be organized in a single hierarchy. Shortly before the First World War, the French industrialist Henry Fayol organized his coal-mining business according to the functions that it had to carry out. He is generally credited with inventing functional organization, including (among others) production, finance, marketing, sales, and personnel or staff departments. The functional type of organization structure reflects an arrangement based on the nature of the activities that must be performed. Related activities are grouped together in the functional areas with which they are most clearly identified. The chief executive of each area occupies a position on the second level of the organization and generally has the title Vice-President. This means, for example, that the production and marketing departments cannot take financial decisions without consulting the finance department. The functional structure is efficient, but there are two standard criticisms. Firstly, people are usually more concerned with the success of their department than that of the company, so there are permanent battles between, for example, finance and marketing, or marketing and production, which have incompatible goals. Secondly, separating functions is unlikely to encourage innovation.

A problem of hierarchies is that people at lower level are unable to make important decision, but have to pass on responsibility to their boss. One solution to this is matrix management, in which people report to more than one superior. For example, a product manager with an idea might be able to deal directly with managers responsible for a certain market segment and for a geographical region, as well as managers responsible for the traditional functions of finance, sales and production.