Life cycle of chinch bug and control.

Life Cycle: Chinch bugs¹ spend the winter as adults ² in partially protected areas (under shrubs or around foundations of houses). As the weather warms in the spring, adults move into open areas, where females begin laying eggs. Fifteen to 20 eggs per day are deposited for two to three weeks. The eggs hatch in one to two weeks, and the nymphs ³ begin to suck the juices from host plants. It takes 30-90 days to reach adulthood. There are two generations per year, with a partial third generation in unusually warm summers. There is considerable overlap of generations, and all stages can be found during the summer.

Control: In many instances, chemical control of chinch bugs is not necessary. Studies in Michigan have demonstrated that lawns which receive adequate amounts of water throughout the summer (preferably weekly deep waterings) are able to tolerate relatively high populations of chinch bugs without sustaining damage. In addition, many lawns have natural populations of predators.

Notes:

¹chinch bug- клоп-черепашка

²adult-взрослая особь

³nymphs-личинки

ManagementStrategies.

Management in the vegetable garden involves correcting the conditions that are favorable for the scab organism¹. Some of the important points to be considered are given below:

1. Rotations² with other than root crops should be employed as the size of the garden permits. This way the buildup of aggressive scab strains ³ can be avoided
2. Purchase certified potato seed pieces. Do not save tubers from the garden for use as seed. Seed treatment will help to prevent the introduction of the organism into relatively scab ­free soils but is not a replacement for using clean seed. There are no home garden pesticide products labeled for seed piece treatment against scab in New York.

3. Plant resistant varieties⁴. If scab has been a problem before, test one of the following varieties under local conditions to determine whether it is suitable.

4. In a garden where irrigation is available, scab can be reduced by keeping the soil reasonably wet for several weeks while the young tubers are beginning to form.
5. Great care should be taken to avoid the application of fertilizer or other materials that tend to make the soil highly alkaline.

6. One of the best methods for combating scab is the use of acid producing fertilizers, especially those that contain liberal amounts of sulfate of ammonia.

7. Test the pH of the soil and apply elemental sulfur to lower the soil pH to 5.2.

Notes:

¹scab organism- организмы, вызывающие заболевание паршой

²rotations-севообороты

³aggressive scab strains-агрессивные штаммы парши

⁴resistant varieties-устойчивые сорта

Barley.

Barley is best adapted to well-drained, fertile, loam soils¹. It generally produces low yields² on sandy soils. Moderately fertile soils favor a rapid growth, but barley grown on soils high in nitrogen often produces low grain yields³.

It is grown in rotation with other crops, particularly after cultivated row crops such as corn, soybeans, beans, potatoes or sugar beets. Sometimes barley follows other small grains. Fertilizers sometimes are applied to barley that follows another cereal crop.

Notes:

¹loam soils-суглинки

²low yields-низкий урожай

³grain yields-урожай зерновых

Plants.

Plants consist essentially of three main parts. Below ground is the rooting system ¹, which serves as an anchorage to attach the plant firmly to the soil, and which is able to absorb water, and water solutions of plant nutrients from the soil.

Above ground are the stems and leaves², which are the green part of the plant. The stems are, in most cases, rigid and capable of keeping the plant erect, and the leaves are arranged on the stems in a manner that exposes them to sunlight, from which they absorb energy for the manufacture of materials for plant growth.

The third essential structure in a plant is the flower³, which contains the parts associated with reproduction and which is responsible for seed formation.

The rooting system remains in darkness below the surface of the soil. In many rooting systems,

There is a central root, sometimes known as the tap root, from which a number of side roots develop as branches, and the side roots end in a large number of fine rootlets with fine root hairs,

Which absorb water and water solutions of plant nutrients from the soil. Through a series of hollow vessels the substances absorbed by the root hairs reach the base of the stem. Another series of vessels in the stem is available for the passage of these materials to the leaves and flowers

Notes:

¹rooting system- корневая система

²stems and leaves-стебли и листья

³flower-цветок

Вариант №2.

Disease cycle.

The Penicillium expansum type of blue mold¹ has been the form most frequently reported, but a number of other less common species, which are also usually less aggressive, have been encountered. The positive identification of the different species² that cause blue mold is only possible by means of laboratory cultures and microscopic examination, and even then positive determination is difficult because of the very slight differences encountered among species. All of the blue molds are primarily wound parasites, most frequently gaining entrance through fresh mechanical injuries³ such as stem punctures, bruise s⁴ and insect injuries, finger-nail scratches by pickers, necrotic tissues⁵ of diverse origin or through normal stems or open calyx canals⁶. Sometimes infections may occur through lenticels, especially when they are damaged by cracking after a sudden abundant supply of water following a period of dryness, or after bruising late in the storage season when fruit have been weakened by ripening and aging.

Notes:

¹blue mold- голубая плесень

²different species-различные сорта

³mechanical injuries-механические повреждения

⁴bruises- повреждение (растений, фруктов)

⁵necrotic tissues-некротические (отмирающие) ткани

⁶calyx canals-каналы чашечки

Varieties. Seed selection.

The names of the original varieties¹ from which strains have been selected are not known, but all South Australian celery ²is generally called South Australian Long White. Individual growers select their own strains. These mature over a period of time and comprise approximately 50 per cent early, 40 per cent mid-season and 10 per cent late strains.

As the crop is being cut, a number of well-shaped, true-to-type and vigorous plants are selected and left standing for seed bearers. When cutting has finished, these selected plants are lifted and planted together. Care is taken to plant the different strains some distance from each other to prevent crosspollination. As the seed heads grow, the plants have to be supported. They are regularly sprayed to reduce septoria leaf spot infection.

When the seed has matured, about January or February, it is threshed, cleaned, spread out to dry and then stored in air tight containers until required. Seed matures too late for use in the following year's crop, and two year's supply is usually kept on hand. Septoria leaf spot is one of the principal diseases affecting celery. It is commonly carried on the seed, and an early infection often starts from sowing infected seed.

Notes:

¹varieties-сорта

²celery- сельдерей