English words borrowed by Italian

l Selfie,

l Googlare,

l Sharare (it.) - to share

l Forwardare (it.) - to forward

l Stoppare - comes from the verb ‘to stop’; the form is changed with the help of suffix ‘ are ’. It is mainly used in sport language in meaning of block.

l Chattare – comes from the verb ‘to chat’; the form is changed with the help of suffix ‘ are ’. It has the same meaning as its English equivalent.

l Slot- machine - comes from English and means ‘the vending machine’.There is an Italian equivalent “mangiasoldi”, but English variant is mainly used.

l Il fiction: In English the meaning of this word is connected with narrative forms of literature (e.g. novel). In Italian it`s commonly used to indicate TV series (not only science-fiction as in English but all types of them including dramas, soap operas).

l Il bomber: In English the definition of this word is “a combat aircraft designed to attack ground and sea targets by dropping air-to-ground weaponry”. But in Italian language it means a kind of jacket which in English is called “a bomber jacket”.

l Lo spot: In English it is “a small round or roundish mark” but in Italian this word means a television commercial.

 

English words borrowed by Spanish

*according to the Dictionary of the Royal Academy of the Spanish Language (DRAE), 2014 edition.

l ‘Input’: ‘Nuevos tipos de input en HTML5.’ – New types of input in HTML5.

Marked as ‘(Voz ingl.).’ – English borrowing.

l ‘Copyright’: ‘El copyright existe para beneficiar a los usuarios.’ – The copyright exists to benefit users. Marked as ‘(Voz ingl.).’ – English borrowing.

l ‘Cuásar’ or ‘quásar’: ‘Los cuásares nacen de la colisión de dos galaxias.’ – Quasars are born when two galaxies collide. Assimilation: preserves meaning but has different spelling and pronunciation: /ˈkwasaɾ/. Has plural form: quásares. Marked as ‘(Del ingl. quasar, acrón. de quasi stellar [radio source] '[fuente de radio] cuasi estelar').’ – a word derived from English acronym quasi stellar.

l Navegar – from Spanish “navegate”. It is totally adapted by Spanish although the Spanish language has its own equivalent “pasillear”.

l Smartphone (esmartfone) – mostly used as an international term, two ways of spelling is acceptable. Like words bistec,bisteq, bifsteak, etc.Spanish alternative: teléfono inteligente

l The word “ Tableta” is the Spanish version of English “tablet” or “tablet computer”. It has been used since 2011 when tablets appeared on the Spanish technology market. This word is adapted to Spanish language; we can see the ending “a” that means that this word is of feminine gender. In Spanish this word has six meanings according to the dictionary of the Spanish language (DRAE); the 4^th meaning “Dispositivo electrónico portátil con pantalla táctil y con múltiples prestaciones” was added to the dictionary only in the last edition of 2014.

 

English and other languages: false friends of interpreters

Pakistan

Bootpolish – to lick sb’s boots

Cheap –sly, petty, low-class

Lift – special attention

Light – electric power

Meter – he’s lost his temper “His meter has gone full circle”

Korea

Second – kept mistress

Super- supermarket

T- T-shirt

Talent- TV actor

Old miss – unmarried woman past conventional age of marrying, spinster

Over - overcoat

Pro- TV/ radio guide

Rouge - lipstick

 

 

Thailand

Air- air-conditioned

Apartmet

Campaign – advertising

Fan – girl/boyfriend

Over – overexaggerate

Repeat – repeat a year in a college

Smart – elegantly dressed

Japan

Companion – attractive young lady at the exhibition

Half- half-Japanese

Hearing – listening

Hot –hot coffee

Talent –young media celebrity

Silver – relating to old age

Text – textbook of foreign language

Tobacco - cigarette

Italian - fame – rumour

Spanish – assistant - daily helping woman

Audience- court hearing

Librarian – book seller

Mascara – disguised person

Ghana (Семенец О.Е.,1985)

Linguist – a person who speaks on behalf of a tribe leader

Oracle - herbalist

(Quack - in Western Africa)

Cover cloth - overcoat

Canvas – shoes

A motor - bicycle

Storey – (storeyhouse) – more than 1

Electrolux – any fridge

Colgate - any ---

Kodak - any ---

Hoover - any –

To take seed/ to take in - to become pregnant

Euro-English

• Mainland Europeans, in the process of creating a pan-European culture in and through English, can also be seen to be on the periphery. English, for them, can act as a form of empowerment.
• One indication of this development into a separate variety is the use of Eurospeak or Eurojargon within EU institutions. First recognized as a lexical register utilized by Eurocrats, the conceptualization Eurospeak is now becoming much more commonly noticed and cited.

• Lexical items and multi-word units peculiar to Europe, such as

 

Brussels to refer collectively to EU institutions,

Maastricht to refer to the agreement signed there,

Schengen land

Euro land, Euro area, and Euro zone for those countries where the euro has been adopted as the currency,

Eurosceptic for someone skeptical of European integration,

internal market, a designation for the EU as a free-trade zone, and

Berlaymont, a synonym for “red tape,” as well as designations such as the “four freedoms”

Indeed, the term member state itself, a European invention, says much about how Europeans are molding language to accommodate a new political reality.

Varieties of English

 

The term “variety” is an academic term used for any kind of language production, whether we are viewing it as being determined by region, by gender, by social class, by age or by our own inimitable individual characteristics.

 

Among the varieties of English, there is a division into

1. the “Old Englishes” (usually British, American,Australian, Canadian and a few others) and

2. the “New Englishes” that have emerged in such nations as India, Nigeria,Singapore, and the Philippines.

3. It has become customary to use the plural form ‘Englishes’ to stress the diversity to be found in the language today, and to stress that English no longer has one single base of authority, prestige and normativity.

 

The concepts of language variety and variation lie at the heart of the world Englishes enterprise:

“varieties of English,”

“localized varieties of English,”

“non-native varieties of English,”

“second-language varieties of English,”

“new varieties of English.”

 

The issue of linguistic variety is also central to both traditional dialectology and contemporary linguistics, where it is often subsumed into the study of language variation and change. New varieties of English are also known as

 

Global Englishes

International Englishes

New Englishes

World Englishes

 

Tom McArthur’s Circle of World English (1987)