Complete the text with a suitable relative pronoun in each space (including of which). Leave the space blank if this is possible.

Antarctica is mainly known for the penguins and seals a) ………… live there, but recently scientists have discovered the remains of two dinosaurs b) ………… lived there millions of years ago. These are not the first dinosaur fossils c) ………… have been discovered in Antarctica, and bring the total to eight. The first new discovery was a plant-eating dinosaur d) ………… was found by a mountain climber. Scientists e) ………… examined the fossils say it is plant-eating dinosaur f) ………… is nearly 200 million years old. The parts of the animal g) ………… they examined suggest that it was nine metres long and two metres tall. Dinosaurs h) ………… have been found in other parts of the world are as long as 30 metres, however. So this specimen, the discovery i) ………… has excited researchers, is rather small. On the other side of Antarctica, dinosaue was a meat-eater k) ………… stood about two metres tall. Scientists l) …………were sheltering from bad weather found the bones near the sea. The dinosaur they discovered, m) ………… bones were next to fossils of sea life, probably died and washed out to sea after its death. Dinosaurs are creatures n) ………… could not survive in cold conditions, but in their time, Antarctica was different. It didn’t have the cold climate o) …………it has today, but was warm and wet.

Complete the text with suitable time words.

a) ………… they were deciphered nearly two hundred years b) …………. Egyptian hieroglyphics could not be understood by European scholars. c) ………… hieroglyphics were deciphered, people had to guess what this form of writing could mean. It was originally used by the ancient Egyptian priests, d) ………… about 3000 BC e) ………… the time of the Roman Empire. One of the men who deciphered hieroglyphics was Jean-François Champollion (1790 – 1832), a self-taught linguist who had f)............ learned Latin and Greek g)............ the age of nine. When he entered the School of Oriental Language in Paris h)............ 1807, he had already suggested, i)............ the age of sixteen, that the ancient Egyptian language was Coptic. j)............ the age of nineteen Champollion became assistant of history in Grenoble. Here he continued his studied and k) ………… this period he started to examine texts bought from Egypt. The French had sent an army there l) ………… 1798, and a year m) ………… a group of soldiers had accidentally discovered the Rosetta Stone, on which was written the same text in three language – in hieroglyphics, in demotic Egyptian, the everyday language, and in Ancient Greek. n) ………… 1801, however, the French army in Egypt was defeated by the British, and soon o) …………, the Rosetta stone was taken to London. There, by comparing the different kinds of writing on the Stone, Thomas Young showed that some of the hieroglyphs on the stone wrote the name Ptolemy. Luckily Champollion was able to study a copy of the text on the stone, and p) ………… 1824 he published an explanation of the hieroglyphic system. q) ………… then, archaeologists have been able to read thousands of inscriptions left behind by the ancient Egyptians. The Rosetta Stone is r) ………… in the British Museum in London.

3. Underline the correct word in italics.

I prefer beach holidays because I love (1) surfing / cycling. It’s really (2) exhilarating / boring trying to keep your (3) standing / balance on the board as a big (4) river / wave takes you onto the beach.

I don’t like the (5) environment / countryside so much because I’m not interested in plants and wildlife. I know that the (6) scenery / scene can be amazing, but sunsets on a beach are the best.

I can really (7) switch on / relax, especially if the beach is full of palm trees. I love to (8) paddle / explore new beaches. I’m planning to go on an (9) activity/environmental holiday doing (10) extreme / experience sports. I prefer these to gentle exercise like walking.

Describing the world. Choose the correct word(s) to fill in the gaps.

1. Some areas of Europe are prone............ severe flooding.

at for to

2. My ancestors came here as............ in the 18^th century.

immigrants migrating descendants

3. The views of the paddy............ where the rice grows was beautiful.

fields nations forests

4. Farmers here............ sheep for both their wool and their meet.

mature tend grow

5. The volcano insist............. and people are living on its slopes again.

active alive energetic

6. Parts of the country are dominated by vast sugar............

plantations fields forests

7. Ken’s family are descended............ Native American Indians.

in from out of

8. In order for crops to be successful, the land needs to be.............

fertile ripe arid

9. The northern part of Europe is famous for its coniferous...........

forests industries fields

10. People are praying for rain, after three years of............

draft flooding drought

5. Complete the sentence so that it contains a word beginning some-, any-, no-, every-.

1. We all have heard of the Pyramid of Giza, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Everyone has heard of the Pyramid of Giza, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.

2. It is not known exactly how such a huge pyramid was built............. exactly how such a huge pyramid was built.

3. This huge project probably involved all the people who could work. This huge project probably involved............ who could work.

4. We can also assume that it must have been designed and planned. We can also assume that............ must have designed and planned it.

5. Most pyramids were tombs, but now they are empty inside. Maoist pyramids were tombs, but now............ inside.

6. If you ask people whether there were pyramids in Greece, they would probably answer ‘No’. If you ask............ whether there are pyramids in Greece, they would probably answer ‘No’.

7. People all suppose that the Egyptian pyramids are the oldest, but this may not be true............. that the Egyptian pyramids are the oldest, but this may not be true.

8. People don’t visit the Greek pyramid of Hellenikon, but in fact it may be older than any of the Egyptian pyramids............. the Greek pyramid of Hellenikon, but in fact it may be older than any of the Egyptian pyramids.

9. People don’t know exactly why it was built, but it is believed to be a monument over a tomb............. exactly why it was built, but it is believed to be a monument over a tomb.

10. It’s not one of the seven wonders of the world, but it is an interesting thing. It’s not one of the seven wonders of the world, but it is............

PRACTICE 10.

1. Complete the text with these words: accommodate; communities; density; distribution; household; housing; migrant; slum.

Overcrowding in Hong Kong

Hong Kong’s population 1) ……… is 5,580 persons per square kilometer. However, because of its uneven population 2) ………, some areas, such as Mong Kok in Kowloon, have about 40,000 persons per square kilometer (about 100,000 per square mile).

Most of Hong Kong’s slums areas have been replaced by public high-rise apartment blocks. Peaceful demonstration have gained improved 3) ……… rights and improved buildings.

Hong Kong’s government has reduced the demand for transport by building numerous planned 4) ……… near employment centres. Since many people in Hong Kong prefer living near their workplace, this approach has helped to 5) ……… Hong Kong’s large population on its small areas of land.

Wages are low in Hong Kong, but rents in public housing seldom rise above fifteen per cent of a family’s income and most families pay well under ten per cent of their 6) ……… income.

Some 7) ……… areas are still located in downtown Hong Kong and steep hillsides. The people who live in these slums are often single men and women, many of them old, who never married. Many recent 8) ……… families from China and Vietnam live in Hong Kong’s harbor area.

Choose the correct form.

Many students report that they often feel a) bored / boring by studies. This is not b) surprised / surprising when you consider how some students study. A recent report, which many teachers find c) worried / worrying, suggests that a majority of students listen to music at the same time as studying.

However, what experts say about this issue is rather d) confused / confusing. Some people study more effectively when they are e) relaxed / relaxing, and listening to music may help. Students who are f) worried / worrying by the pressure of school may find that they are in a better mood if their music is playing. When they become more g) interested / interesting in what they are studying, they do not in fact ‘listen’ to the music at all. It just becomes background noise. On the other hand, there are certainly students who find the music more h) entertained / entertaining than their school work, and never really concentrate on their work at all. So perhaps we shouldn’t be i) surprised / surprising to discover that listening to music helps some but not all, though this can also depend on the type of music. And it also depends on what students are supposed to be studying. Anyone who listens to music while trying to read and remember details will almost certainly be j) distracted / distracting by the music. So in the end, perhaps it’s a matter of ‘what works for you’.