VI. Переведите предложения, содержащие модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

1. Any British citizen from age of 18 can be registered as an elector for the constituency. 2. If a person is unable to vote because he is ill he may be allowed to vote by post. 3. To be a candidate a person needn’t live in the area. 4. Every householder must enter on the register of electors the names of all residents who can vote. 5. During the cold war Europe had to choose between another war or peaceful coexistence. 6. Each member of the General Assembly is to vote only once.

 

VII. Выберите нужные местоимения из данных в скобках.

1.At present (some, any) person knows almost everything about this phenomenon. 2. He is absent today. I’m afraid (something, anything) has happened to him. 3. (Some, any) centuries ago people did not know (anything, nothing) about electricity. 4. I’m sorry, I couldn’t find (something, anything) in this article.

 

VIII. Поставьте сказуемое в придаточных предложениях в нужную видо- временную форму, учитывая правила согласования времен.

1.She said she (to be) a first-year student of the Law faculty.2. They hoped they (to become) qualified specialists in future. 3. My friend told me he already (to translate) the article. 4. I knew he (to be going) on a business trip.

 

UNIT III

Agents of the law

Section I. Topical vocabulary

abolish- отменять

accused- обвиняемый

acquit- оправдывать

appear- выступать в суде

appearance- появление, явка в суд

bar- адвокатура

case- судебное дело

charge - обвинение

to move a charge- выдвинуть обвинение

civil - гражданский

convict - осудить

counsel - участвующий в деле адвокат

counsel for the defence - защитник обвиняемого

counsel for the prosecution- обвинитель

crime - преступление, преступность

pretty crime- мелкое преступление

criminal – уголовный, преступный

criminal proceeding- уголовный процесс

cross-examine - вести перекрестный допрос

deal (with) - иметь дело (с чем-л., кем-л.), рассматривать

to deal with a case – вести процесс (дело)

defend - защищать (ся)

defendant - обвиняемый, ответчик

depend (on, upon) – зависеть

dependence – зависимость

dependent - зависимый

determine - устанавливать, определять

discharge – прекращать уголовное преследование

evidence - доказательство, свидетельские показания

fine – штраф

guarantee - гарантировать

imprisonment - тюремное заключение

life imprisonment- пожизненное заключение

inflict - налагать (наказание и т.п.)

to inflict punishment – назначать наказание

institute – устанавливать, учреждать, начинать (следствие и т.п.)

to institute proceedings (case) – возбуждать дело

judiciary - суд, судебная власть

juror - присяжный заседатель

jury - суд присяжных

lawyer - юрист, адвокат

legal – правовой

murder - убийство (преднамеренное)

obligation – обязательство

offence - правонарушение, преступление

indictable offence- преступление, преследуемое по обвинительному акту

offend – совершить преступление

offender – правонарушитель, преступник

penalty - наказание, штраф

plaintiff - истец

plead - делать заявление

to plead guilty- признать себя виновным

to plead not guilty- заявлять о своей невиновности

preventive - предупредительный, превентивный

preventive detention- превентивное заключение

proceed - привлекать к суду, возбуждать процесс

proceedings - процессуальное действие, процесс, судопроизводство

prosecute - преследовать в судебном порядке

prosecution - судебное преследование

witness for the prosecution– свидетель обвинения или свидетель со стороны истца

punish - наказывать, карать

punishment - наказание

refer - отсылать, передавать на рассмотрение

represent - представлять

retire – уходить в отставку

retry - повторно разбирать дело

select - отбирать, выбирать

sentence - приговор, наказание

sentence - приговаривать, осуждать

sue - предъявлять иск

summarize - резюмировать, подводить итог

summon - вызывать в суд

summons - судебная повестка, извещение ответчика о предъявляемом иске

supervise- наблюдать, осуществлять надзор

trial - судебный процесс, судебное разбирательство

undertake - предпринимать

verdict - решение суда присяжных, вердикт

violate - нарушать (право, закон)

to return a verdict - выносить вердикт

will - завещание

to make a will- составить завещание

witness - свидетель

 

Section II. Reading Material

Text A. The legal profession

Task: read the text, translate it into Russian in written form.

The court system is dependent upon the legal profession to make it work. Although individuals can institute cases and defend them normally lawyers do this job for them. The legal profession is the normal source of judicial personnel for any court system.

England is almost unique in having two different kinds of lawyers, with separate jobs in the legal system. The two kinds of lawyers are solicitors and barristers. This division of the legal profession is due mainly to historical causes. Each branch has its own characteristic functions and a separate governing body.

The division has a number of significant impacts upon the judicial system. It is the main reason for the separation between civil and criminal courts. It also has a significant impact upon judicial appointments.

The traditional picture of the English lawyer is that the solicitor is the general practitioner, confined mainly to the office. The solicitor is the legal adviser of the public. Members of the public are able to call at a solicitor’s office and seek his advice in a personal interview. The barrister is the specialist adviser much of whose time is taken up with court-room appearance. A barrister can only be consulted indirectly through a solicitor. Today however the lines of determination are blurred.

There is approximately one solicitor to every 1300 of the population, with considerable regional and local varieties. There is a heavy concentration in commercial centres. The ratio for barristers is about one per every 10.000. Taking the legal profession as a whole (38.500), there is one practicing lawyer per 1200 people. This compares with about one lawyer per 600 in the USA. But a lot of work in English solicitors’ offices is undertaken by managing clerks, now called “ legal executives”, who are a third type of lawyers. (Legal executives now have their own professional and examining body- “ the Institute of Legal Executives”).

 

Notes:

1 solicitor- солиситор, стряпчий (юрист, консультирующий клиентов, организации и фирмы; подготавливает дело для барристеров)

2 “ legal executives”- законные исполнители (персонал, нанимаемый солиситорами, клерки)

 

Exercises

I. Read the international words and guess their meaning. Mind the stress.

‘ system pro’fession indi’vidual

‘ barrister so’licitor demar’cation

‘ function his’torical characte’ristic

‘ specialist tra’ditional person’nel

‘ interview com’mercial concern’tration

 

II. Memorize the following pairs of derivatives:

N - Adj Adj - Adv

history - historical normal- normally

tradition- traditional main- mainly

region- regional indirect- indirectly

commerce- commercial approximate- approximately

profession- professional separate- separately

V – N

execute- execution divide- division

concentrate-concentration appear- appearance

demarcate- demarcation

 

III. Transform as in the models:

Model 1: to interpret the law- interpretation of the law

to divide the legal profession, to institute a case, to appoint judges, to select magistrates, to determine the facts;

Model 2: office of the solicitor- the solicitor’s office

advice of the solicitor, functions of the jury, summing up of the judge, Law Officer of the Government;

Model 3: system of court- court system

Judges of high Court, officers of police, departments of government, system of law.

 

IV. Match English and Russian equivalents:

1. court system a. характерные функции

2. to institute a case b. юридическая профессия

3. legal profession c. обратиться за советом

4. historical cause d. выступление в суде

5. characteristic functions e. личная беседа

6. to seek advice f. судебная система

7. legal adviser g. большое количество

8. court-room appearance h. возбудить дело

9. heavy concentration i. историческая причина

10. personal interview j. юрисконсульт, советник по правовым вопросам