Choose among given topics for discussion the one you are interested in most of all. Carry out your project and make its presentation (pair, group or individual work).

1. What is cross-cultural communication and its importance?

2. What differences are observed in the language of women and men?

3. What changes in the languages can be predicted in the near future?

4. Is it necessary to create new universal languages?

5. The problems and difficulties of translation and how to overcome them.

6. Socio-cultural portraits and the competence of communication.

Unit IV.

THREATS. TERRORISM

This could be such a beautiful world
if we could all care just a little more.
Rosalind Welcher

THE QUIET AMERICAN

Graham Greene
(1904-1991)

Part III, Chapter 2

Graham Greene gained recognition as a big writer with the appearance of his “The Quiet American”.

Greene first came to the notice of the literary world with his novels of 1930s, such as “Brighton” (1938). With such books he introduced his characteristic genre, the thriller with theological and moral significance. At this period his attention was focused on English life and English types, as in “England Made Me” (1935), one of his best novels.

“The Quiet American” (1956), for example, was written before what Americans think of as “the Vietnam war”. He has a huge international readership, and has been taken seriously as a moralist and theologian, as well as a romancer and a sort of superreporter. That he has not been awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature can only be due to political reasons.

Graham Greene is one of the most outstanding novelists of modern English literature. He is talented and sincere, but at the same time his world outlook is characterized by sharp contradictions.

Greene’s novels deal with real-life burning problems. His observations are concentrated on the actual details of poverty and misery. Social conditions are shown only as a background to his novels. Neither does he try to comprehend the causes of spiritual crises experienced by his contemporaries.

When I came out it was nearly half past eleven and went down as far as the Pavillon for a glass of iced beer. The Pavillon was a coffee center for European and American women and I was confident that I would not see Phuong there. Indeed I knew exactly where she would be at this time of day – she was not a girl to break her habits, and so, coming from the planter’s apartment, I had crossed the road to avoid the milk-bar where at this time of day she had her chocolate malt. Two young American girls sat at the next table, neat and clean in the heat, scooping up ice-cream. They each had a bag slung on the left shoulder and the bags were identical, with brass eagle badges. Their legs were identical too, long and slender, and their noses, just a shade tilted, and they were eating their ice-cream with concentration as though they were making an experiment in the college laboratory. I wondered whether they were Pyle’s colleagues: they were charming, and I wanted to send them home, too. They finished their ices and looked at their watch. “We’d better be going,” she said “to be on the safe side.” I wondered idly what appointment they had.

“Warren said we mustn’t stay later than eleven-twenty-five.”

“It’s past that now.”

“It would be exciting to stay. I don’t know what it’s all about, do you?”

“Not exactly, but Warren said better not.”

“Do you think it’s a demonstration?”

“I’ve seen so many demonstrations,” the other said wearily, like a tourist glutted with churches. She rose and laid on their table the money for the ices. Before going she looked around the café, and the mirrors caught her profile at every freckled angle. There was only myself left and a dowdy middle-aged Frenchwoman who was carefully and uselessly making up her face. Those two hardly needed make-up, the quick dash of a lipstick, a comb through the hair. For a moment her glance had rested on me – it was not like a woman’s glance, but a man’s very straightforward, speculating on some course of action. Then she turned quickly to her companion. “We’d better be off.” I watched them idly as they went out side by side into the sun-splintered street. It was impossible to conceive either of them a prey to untidy passion: they did not belong to rumpled sheets and the sweat of sex. Did they take deodorants to bed with them? I found myself for a moment envying them, their sterilized world, so different from this world that I inhabited – which suddenly inexplicably broke in pieces. Two of the mirrors on the wall flew at me and collapsed half –way. The dowdy Frenchwoman was on her knees in a wreckage of chairs and tables. Her compact lay open and unhurt in my lap and oddly enough I sat exactly where I had sat before, although my table had joined the wreckage around the Frenchwoman. A curious garden-sound filled the café: the regular drip of a fountain, and looking at the bar I saw rows of smashed bottles which let out their contents in a multi-coloured stream – the red of porto, the orange of cointreau, the green of chartreuse, the cloudy yellow of pastis, across the floor of the café. The Frenchwoman sat up and calmly looked around for her compact. I gave it to her and she thanked me formally, sitting on the floor. I realized that I didn’t hear her very well. The explosion had been so close that my ear-drums had still to recover from the pressure.

I thought rather petulantly, ‘Another joke with plastics: what does Mr. Heng expect me to write now?’ but when I got into the Place Garnier, I realized by the heavy clouds of smoke that this was no joke. The smoke came from the cars burning in the car-park in front of the national theatre, bits of cars were scattered over the square, and a man without his legs lay twitching at the edge of the ornamental gardens. People were crowding in from the rue Catinat, from the Boulevard Bonnard. The sirens of police-cars, the bells of the ambulances and fire-engines came at one remove to my shocked ear-drums. For one moment I had forgotten that Phuong must have been in the milk-bar on the other side of the square. The smoke lay between. I couldn’t see through.

I stepped out into the square and a policeman stopped me. They had formed a cordon round the edge to prevent the crowd increasing, and already the stretchers were beginning to emerge. I implored the policeman in front of me “Let me across. I have a friend…”

“Stand back,” he said. “Everyone here has friends.”

He stood on one side to let a priest through, and I tried to follow the priest, but he pulled me back. I said, “I am the Press,” and searched in vain for the wallet in which I had my card, but I couldn’t find it: had I come out that day without it? I said, “At least tell me what happened to the milk-bar”: the smoke was clearing and I tried to see, but the crowd between was too great. He said something I didn’t catch.

“What did you say?”

He repeated, “I don’t know. Stand back. You are blocking the stretchers.”

Could I have dropped my wallet in the Pavillon? I turned to go back and there was Pyle. He exclaimed, “Thomas.”

“Pyle,” I said, “for Christ’s sake, where is your Legation pass? We’ve got to get across. Phuong’s in the milk-bar.”

“No, no,” he said.

“Pyle, she is. She always goes there. At eleven thirty. We’ve got to find her.”

“She isn’t there, Thomas.”

“How do you know? Where’s your card?”

“I warned her not to go.”

I turned back to the policeman, meaning to throw him to one side and make a run for it across the square: he might shoot: I didn’t care – and then the word ‘warn’ reached my consciousness. I took Pyle by the arm. ‘Warn?’ I said. “What do you mean ‘warn’?”

“I told her to keep away this morning.”

The pieces fell together in my mind. “And Warren?” I said, “Who’s Warren? He warned those girls too.”

“I don’t understand.”

“There mustn’t be any American casualties, must there?” An ambulance forced its way up the rue Catinat into the square, and the policeman who had stopped me moved to one side to let it through. The policeman beside him was engaged in an argument. I pushed Pyle forward and ahead of me into the square before we could be stopped.

We were among a congregation of mourners. The police could prevent others entering the square; they were powerless to clear the square of the survivors and the first-comers. The doctors were too busy to attend to the dead, and so the dead were left to their owners, for one can own the dead as one owns a chair. A woman sat on the ground with what was left of her baby in her lap; with a kind of modesty she had covered it with her straw peasant hat. She was still and silent, and what struck me most in the square was the silence. It was like a church I had once visited during Mass – the only sounds came from those who served, except where here and there the Europeans wept and implored and fell silent again as though shamed by the modesty, patience and propriety of the East. The legless torso at the edge of the garden still twitched, like a chicken which has lost its head. From the man’s shirt, he had probably been a trishaw-driver.

Pyle said, “It’s awful.” He looked at the wet on his shoes and said in a sick voice, “What’s that?”

“Blood,” I said. Haven’t you ever seen it before?

He said, “I must get them cleaned before I see the Minister.” I don’t think he knew what he was saying. He was seeing a real war for the first time: he had punted down into Phat Diem in a kind of schoolboy dream, and anyway in his eyes soldiers didn’t count.

“You see what a drum of Diolacton can do”, I said, “in the wrong hands.” I forced him, with my hand on his shoulder, to look around.

I said, “This is the hour when the place is always full of women and children – it’s the shopping hour. Why choose that of all hours?”

He said weakly, “There was to have been a parade.”

“And you hoped to catch a few colonels. But the parade was cancelled yesterday, Pyle.”

“I didn’t know.”

“Didn’t know!” I pushed him into a patch of blood where a stretcher had lain. “You ought to be better informed.”

“I was out of town,” he said, looking down at his shoes. “They should have called it off.”

“And missed the fun?” I asked him. “Do you expect General Thé to lose his demonstration? This is better than a parade. Women and children are news, and solders aren’t, in a war. This will hit the world’s Press. You’ve put General Thé on the map all right, Pyle. You’ve got the Third Force and National Democracy all over your right shoe. Go home to Phuong and tell her about your heroic deed – there are a few dozen less of her country people to worry about.”

A small fat priest scampered by, carrying something on a dish under a napkin. Pyle had been silent a long while, and I had nothing more to say. Indeed I had said too much. He looked white and beaten and ready to faint, and I thought, “What’s the good? he’ll always be innocent, you can’t blame the innocent, they are always guiltless. All you can do is control them or eliminate them. Innocence is a kind of insanity.”

He said, “Thé wouldn’t have done this. I’m sure he wouldn’t. Somebody deceived him. The Communists…”

He was impregnably armoured by his good intentions and his ignorance. I left him standing in the square and went on up the rue Catinat to where the hideous pink Cathedral blocked the way. Already people were flocking in: it must have been a comfort to them to be able to pray for the dead and to the dead.

Unlike them, I had reason for thankfulness, for wasn’t Phuong alive? Hadn’t Phuong been ‘warned’? But what I remembered was the torso in the square, the baby on its mother’s lap. They hadn’t been warned: they had not been sufficiently important. And if the parade had taken place would they not have been there just the same, out of curiosity, to see the soldiers, and hear the speakers, and throw the flowers? A two-hundred-pound bomb does not discriminate. How many dead colonels justify a child’s or a trishaw-driver’s death when you are building a national democratic front? I stopped a motor-trishaw and told the driver to take me to the Quai Mytho.

Interpretation of the text

1. Comment upon the opening paragraph.

a) Do you find any implication in the words: lunch hour, iced beer, chocolate malt, ice-cream, the brass eagle badges on the American girls’ bags.

b) What does the repetition of the word “identical” mean?

2. What does the author imply by using the word “explosion”?

3. Look for the word which is repeated several times. Why is the word frequently used? Is it a key word?

4. Expand upon Fowler’s perception of the blast near the fountain hideous scene. Is he in panic?

5. Judging from what you have read what can you say about the writer’s own presence within the extract. Does the reader go together with the writer?

6. Sum up your own observations on the vocabulary, style and syntax of the text and the way they are related to the contents.

7. What stylistic effect is produced on the reader by the following combinations; account for the usage, express your opinion:

a) a shade tilted – what verb form is it?

b) a tourist glutted with churches – what is peculiar in the meaning?

c) uselessly making up her face – is the word ironical?

d) it was impossible to conceive either of them – what is the subject of the sentence?

e) Did they take deodorants to bed with them?

What kind of question is it?

Is it ironical? Suggestive? Of what?

f) Her compact lay open and unhurt in my lap … are the underlined words parts of a predicate. Are they suggestive, descriptive, or may be both?

g) What effect do the French words (cointrean, chartreuse, porto, pastis) add to the text.

h) Is there a difference between the following combinations not in meaning, translation but in function.

…cars burning in the car-park…

People were crowding in from the rue Catinet.

…the edge to prevent the crowd increasing.

i) What is the meaning of the repetition of sentences:

I tried to follow the priest…

I tried to see…

j) The verb combination let it through – forms a complex object. Do you know any other expressions with “through”. Name them.

k) What’s the effect of the adverbs “ inexplicably” broke “ impregnably” armoured. Do they refer to literary style or common?

l) The writer uses a lot of similies in the text. What impression do they produce on the reader? How do they reproduce the situation:

like a tourist glutted with churches

like a chicken

unlike me

m) What can you observe examining the verb “to attend to”? Do you know other meanings of the verb?

 

Key Notions and Words