I. Give the Ukrainian equivalents: 1-7 (Part 1), 8- (Part 2).

1.	Properties
2.	engineering materials
3.	failure of structures
4.	sufficient quantities
5.	alloys
6.	corrosion
7.	designer
8.	strength
9.	elasticity
10.	hardness
11.	toughness
12.	brittleness
13.	durability
14.	stability
15.	plasticity
16.	ductility
17.	conductivity
18.	odour

 

II. Write out the words from the text:

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b) with suffixes ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

III. Group the following words according to

a) similar meaning: b) opposite meaning:

1) considerable 2) put into operation 3) conventional 4) obtain 5) operate 6) shortage 7) at the same time 8) manufacture 9) design 10) quantity 11) for example 12) yet

simalteniously get project amount however for instance put into service great ordinary produce lack work

1) similar 2) successful 3) several 4) necessary 5) output 6) metallic 7) insignificant 8) the best 9) directly 10) inexhaustible 11) fast 12) continue

input discontinue the worst significant exhaustible slow dissimilar non-metallic unsuccessful unnecessary indirectly few

IV. Put down the questions of all types to the text.

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Text 3

CHARACTERISTICS OF METALS

Metals have different characteristics and these characteristics are called properties. Selecting a metal which is to be used in a metal product an engineer must know about various metals and their mechanical properties. There are some characteristics common to all metals. We find, for example, metals are good conductors of electricity and heat, that is why copper and aluminium are widely used for cables. There are some mechanical properties of metals which determine their usefulness in the industries.

They are the following: strength (that is, the ability to carry a load); elasticity (i.e. the ability to deform under load and return to the original shape when the load is removed) and many others.

The mechanical properties of metals must be taken into consideration when selecting the material a part is made of.

All metals are divided into ferrous and non-ferrous. Ferrous metals are metals and alloys the main component of which is iron.

Non-ferrous are metals and alloys the main component of which is not iron but some other element such as copper, aluminium and others.

Some of their characteristics are: high electric and heat conductivity, high corrosion resistance, non-magnetic qualities, light weight and easiness to fabrication.

Zink, copper and lead sulphides, aluminium and tin ox­ides, magnesium carbonate and chloride, are the naturally occuring minerals from which these metals are extracted.

EXERCISES

I. Give the Ukrainian equivalents:

1.	copper
2.	aluminium
3.	ferrous
4.	non-ferrous
5.	alloys
6.	fabrication
7.	lead sulphides
8.	tin ox­ides
9.	magnesium carbonate and chloride

II. Underline the Predicates and state their Tenses and Voices. Translate into Ukrainian.

1. Materials are often combined and changed in order to create certain performance characteristics.

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2. Heating metal and plastic is one way to change their nature.

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3. Metals can be hardened, tempered and annealed at very high temperatures.

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4. Material once softened can be bent in an anvil.

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5. Materials can also be reformed by pressing and casting.

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6. When heated, metals will melt.

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7. The liquid metal can be poured into a mould.

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III. Make up 4 sentences with the following words: alloys, ferrous, non-ferrous, metals.

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Text 4

IRON, THE MASTER METAL

Iron is referred to as the most important metal of our metallic age. Iron is thechief component of pig iron, cast iron, wrought iron, ingot iron and the innumerable varieties of steel. It is asvital to modem civilization as air and water are to life. It is so common that like air and water, its true importance is lost sight of by most people. Its abundance is looked upon as something quite natural. No other metal contributes so much to the welfare and comfort of man. There is scarcely an article used in our daily lives that is not produced from iron or by means of it. It has no exact substitute in nature, and we cannot imagine the existence of most of our modern conveniences without iron.

No other metal iscapable of giving such a wide range in physical properties that makes iron available for an almostunlimited number of purposes. One property which it possesses in a greaterdegree than any of other metals is that of magnetism. From a practical viewpoint, iron may be considered the most important magneticsubstance. Hence our modern magnetic and electrical appliances are largely dependent upon this one metal. This combination of properties permits its use to perform most functions simultaneously, for example, to withstand stresses and to conduct electricity. All these qualities make iron the master metal.

Words and word combinations

the master metal – найважливіший метал

pig (cast, wrought) iron – чавун у чушках (ливарний, пудлінговий)

ingot ~ – технічно чисте залізо

abundance – достатня кількість

welfare – благополуччя

hence – отже

to withstand stresses – витримуватимеханічненавантаження

 

EXERCISES

I. Add the missing words from the list.

	Research metal years skilled mixture used producing industry

Archaeological ………………………. established that people began to use it more than four thousand ……………… ago.

There can be no doubt that it was ……………….. by the Assyrians about 1400 B.C. and, more recently, by the Greeks. The latter were followed by the Romans who became rather ………………….in metallurgy. Some knowledge of the ……………………, however, preceded them, for Caesar, crossing the English Channel, found it in use among the native Britons. During the Roman occupation, the …………………………… grew to one of importance in England. At that time iron obtained by heating a ……………………….of ore and charcoal. Only after 1350 the ironmakers of Central Europe succeeded in ………………………….. iron that could melt in the furnace.

II. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Passive Voice.

1. Many operations which were formerly performed by skilled workers are now being done by computers.

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2. The translation from one language into another will soon be computerized.

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3. When you return all mathematical calculations will have been accomplished by means of the electronic computing machine.

 

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III. Choose the end of the sentences.

1. Cast iron is ….

2. Steel is ….

3. Copper is ….

4. Lead is …

5. Stainless steel is …

 

(a) … non-ferrous, soft (but weak), heavy, malleable, does not corrode

(b) … ferrous, strong (but corrodes), malleable, easy to join

(c) … an alloy, it is hard, corrosion resistant, difficult to cut, tough

(d) … ferrous, hard skin (but brittle core), strong, doesn't bend

(e) … non ferrous metal, a good conductor, tough, malleable, solders well (but expensive)

 

IV. Translate into Ukrainian paying attention to the Modal Verbs and their equivalents.

1. Much more complicated problems must be solved.

 

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2. They will have to complete the experiment next month.

 

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3. A machine can do the work which a man is unable to do.

 

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4. The material collected is to be send to the laboratory for examination.

 

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5. He had to study the theory of interplanetary travel.

 

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Text 5

ALUMINIUM

Aluminium is the oldest and best known light metal. It is a white silvery metal which does not rust in the air. It is soft, that is why it is used only when alloyed with other metals. It occures in the Earth's crust principally as the oxide, bauxite (Al2O3), and is extracted from it by an electrolyses.

The addition of small quantities of other metals in the making of alloys produces materials which are light but very strong. It is one of the commonest metals in industry. Low weight and resistance to corrosion combine with its toughness to make aluminium very suitable for the bodies of vehi­cles and also for castings-gear-boxes, pistons, cylinder heads. It is used for making cooking utensils, ladders, refrigera­tors, wrapping material (“silver paper”, “silver” membrane). Its shiny surface reflects heat, and aluminium foil is used for the heat insulationof houses. Aluminium paint protects iron­work from rust, obliterates dark paint, and reflects light.

Some important aluminium alloys are magnalium and duralumin (95% aluminium + 4% copper + 1/2% manganese + 1/2 % magnesium) which is only half as dense as steel but twice as strong; unlike aluminium, it can be tempered by heat treatment; it is used for making aircraft, houses, furniture and motor pistons.

Words and word combinations

castings-gear-boxes – форми для лиття зубчатої передачі

piston – поршень

ladders – драбини

wrapping material – матеріал для упакування

“silver ” membrane – кришка-мембрана з фольги, що легко знімається

foil – фольга

to obliterate – знищувати, витирати

magnalium – магналіт, альмаг

which is only half as dense as steel – чия щільність вдвоє менша ніж у сталі

 

EXERCISES