The use of articles with names of persons.

1. Normally, a personal name, being the name of someone imagined as unique, needs no determiner.

Family relations with unique reference (Mother, Father, Uncle, Aunt…) behave like proper nouns.

Personal names preceded by nouns denoting titles, ranks or family relations take no article: Lord Byron, Professor Higgins, Dr. Watson, President Lincoln, Colonel Brown, Aunt Polly.

If the premodifying noun denotes a job, nationality or belief, it may be used with the definite article or no article (especially in American English):.

2. The definite articles is used: • With a family name in the plural denoting the whole family to mean 'that very', job+noun, limiting modifier This Pat wasn't at all like the Pat of his memories.., permanent quality At that moment they were interrupted by the gentle

Note that no article is used when names of persons are modified by the following adjectives: little, old, young, dear, poor, honest:

3. The indefinite article is used: To indicate that one member of the family is meant To indicate a certain (некий) person, normally unknown to the hearer.• With a proper name modified by an adjective denoting a new or temporary qualityI saw an infuriated Jenifer, who started shouting at me the moment I opened the door.

 

 

The use of articles with place names.

ARTICLES WITH THE NOUNS SCHOOL, COLLEGE, PRISON, JAIL, CHURCH, HOSPITAL

These nouns are used without any article when the general idea of these places is meant, i.e. the purpose they are used for.

GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES 1. Names of continents, countries, states, cities, and towns are normally used without articles. (North) America (modern) France (South) Africa (Central) Australia (ancient) Rome (Medieval) Europe.

2. Some names of countries, provinces and cities are traditionally used with the definite article: the Netherlands

3. The indefinite article is found when a geographical name is modified by a descriptive attribute bringing out a certain aspect: You haven't come to a very cheerful England.

4. Names of oceans, seas, rivers and lakes usually take the definite article: the Atlantic (Ocean), the Mediterranean Sea. No article is used when names of lakes, bays, beaches ( Lake Baikal)

5. Names of deserts are generally used with the definite article: the Sahara,.

6. Names of mountain chains and group of islands are used with the definite article: the Alps,

7. Names of mountain peaks and separate islands are used without articles: Everest, Mont Blanc.

8. Names of streets roads and squared are generally used without articles: Oxford Street, Piccadilly Circus

Names of some streets are traditionally used with the definite article: the Strand, the High Street,

9. Names of theatres, museums, picture galleries, concert halls, cinemas, clubs and hotels - the definite article: the Bolshoi Theatre, the British Museum, the Albert Hall,

10. no article with names of airports and railway stations: London Airport, Moscow Airport.

 

The use of article with nouns in some sintactic functions.

The use of articles depends on the syntactic function of a noun in the sentence.

1. A noun in the subject position is usually preceded by the definite article in its specifying function, or by either of the articles in their generic function. (The way was long. The wind was cold.)

2. With the noun functioning as an object any article can be used depending on how the speaker formulates his thought

3. The use of the article with nouns in the function of an adverbial modifier depends partly on the type of adverbial modifier. In adverbial modifiers of place the definite article is used in its specifying function to identify the exact place. Jane is in the garden.

4. In a ttributes the indefinite article is used to emphasize the importance and novelty of the noun mentioned.

 

21. VERB COMPLEMENTATION. Intransitive & monotr. verbs.

INTRANSITIVE VERBS denote actions and events which involve only one person or thing, the performer of the action. Intransitive verbs can be divided into two main classes: 1) Pure intransitives, which are almost exclusively intransitive, such as appear, fade, rise, rain.

2) Verbs used both transitively and intransitively. a)Some transitive verbs in very restricted contexts can be

used intransitively. For example, when you are contrasting two actions: We gave, he took. b)Some verbs can be used transitively, followed by the object, or intransitively, without the original performer being mentioned. I opened the door and saw Laura. Suddenly the door opened. These verbs are called ergative verbs (The porridge is boiling.) MONOTRANSITIVE VERBS describe events which in addition to the subject involve someone or something else. These verbs take one object (a direct object or a prepositional object). A list of some verbs which are monotransitive: achieve, create, maintain, rent, damage, get.

 

VERB COMPLEMENTATION. Ditransitive and copular verbs

Ditransitive verbs take two objects, a direct object and an indirect one. These verbs denote actions which involve someone in addition to the people or things that are the subject and object of the sentence. Ditransitive verbs can also take one object followed by a predicate complement: It reminds me of Italy

COPULAR VERBS The most common copular (link verb) is be. Other verbs used as copulas in English provide additional meaning to mere linking.They may be sensory (look, feel, smell, sound, taste); situational (remain, keep, seem, appear) or refer to a process of becoming or changing (become, get, grow).

Get is normal with imperatives referring to a temporary personal condition, as in angry. Don't get excited.

Become is normal with more abstract characteristics. He became ambitious.

Idiomatic expressions with come include:. The buttons on my coat came undone.

Fall denotes passing into a new state or condition.

Go shows passing into a different, often less favorable state (her hair's going grey. The milk went sour.)

Run can be used to show developing or passing into the stated condition. (The well has run dry.)

The Object.

The Object is a part of sentence which typically refers to the participants different from the subject.

Objects: direct (He wrote the article) indirect (I'll show you the garden) prepositional (You can rely on Tom)

Complement: subject (Bill is a policeman) object (I found the map helpful) predicate (The fare costs $150.)

THE DIRECT OBJECT is the single prepositional object of a monotransitive verb (I wrote a poem) or one of the two objects of a ditransitive verb that has no prepositional paraphrase (They sent me a telegram).

THE INDIRECT OBJECT is one of two objects of a ditransitive verb that has a prepositional paraphrase (They sent me a telegram. They sent a telegram to me). It become subject in a passive clause (I was sent a telegram).

COMPLEMENT

THE PREDICATE COMPLEMENT is the obligatory part of the clause which refers to the predicate.

 

ADverbials

1. From the POV of structure Adverbials may be optional (non-obligatory) or obligatory

OPTIONAL provide additional information; they are part of the structure of the sentence, but they are not assential to the structure (Sometimes the children played by the lake). OBLIGATORY when the sentence structure demands one or when their absence changes the meaning of the verb:

2) From point of view of their relation to the modified parts of the sentence, adverbials may be non-detached and detached DETACHED are more loosely related to the modified parts, they are never obligatory and separated from the rest of the sentence by commas.

3) From the point of view of their function, adv-s can be classified as conjuncts, disjuncts and adjunctsAdjunct provides additional information and is a part of the structure of the sentence (Gwendolen did her work perfectly) Conjunct is an adv. whose function is to form a logical link between what is said in one sentence and what is said in the next. Disjunct is an adv. coming at the begining of the sentence and expressing the speaker's attitude towards the statement

Semantic classes: 1) of Place (where? where to? how far? where from?) 2) of Time * (when?how long?how often?) 3) of Manner, 4) of Cause(Reason) 5) of Purpose 6) of Result 7) of Condition 8) of Concession 9) of Attendant Circumstances and Subsequent Events (10) of Comparison