Бессоюзное присоединение придаточного предложения. В

английском языке бессоюзное соединение придаточных предложе­ний наблюдается в дополнительных, определительных и, реже, ус­ловных предложениях.

При бессоюзном соединении подлежащее придаточного допол­нительного предложения стоит непосредственно после сказуемого главного предложения. На русский язык такие предложения перево­дятся придаточными дополнительными предложениями, вводимыми союзом что, а придаточные определительные — союзными место­имениями который, которая.

Critics say that sending troops to a zone of conflict (such as Soma­lia) can mean the real difficulties of a country are neglected. Критики заявляют, что отправка войск в любую зону конфликта, (как, на­пример, в Сомали), может означать, что подлинные трудности страны не принимаются во внимание (игнорируются).

The report the workers' delegation made on returning home was listened to with great interest by members of our trade union. Члены нашего профсоюза с большим интересом слушали доклад, кото­рый был сделан делегацией рабочих по возвращении на родину.

Бессоюзные условные придаточные предложения встречаются в предложениях с глаголами в сослагательном наклонении. (См. «Сослагательное наклонение», § 5.)

4. Главное предложение в сложноподчиненном предложении
разделено придаточным. При правильном анализе предложения
перевод его на русский язык не представляет трудности.

The Administration, which has been on its best behaviour throughout the summer in not pressing Britain to reach an early decision, is now making it plain that it would welcome an immediate answer. Правитель­ство (США), которое проявляло поразительную выдержку в течение лета и не оказывало давления на Англию в отношении немедленно­го принятия решения, теперь дает понять, что оно желало бы по­лучить немедленный ответ.

5. Последовательное подчинение. В этом случае какой-либо
член придаточного предложения определяется другим придаточным
предложением (вторая, третья и т. д. степень подчинения).

The question for the other members of NATO now is (1) whether they are prepared to accept (2) that France can share in the benefits of membership (3) while it is refusing the commitments and opposing part of the aims.

Придаточное предикативное — whether they are prepared to accept (1-я степень подчинения); придаточное дополнительное — that France can share in the benefits of membership (2-я степень подчине­ния); придаточное времени (уступки) входит в состав придаточного дополнительного — while it is refusing the commitments and opposing part of the aims (3-я степень подчинения).

Придаточное 2-й степени подчинения может стоять сразу же по­сле союза, вводящего придаточное 1-й степени подчинения. В таком случае два союза будут идти подряд.

Everything shows (1) that (2) what the country needs is a budget (3) which drastically cuts military spending and export of capital.

В данном сложноподчиненном предложении главное предложе­ние — everything shows; придаточное предложение начинается с союза that, за которым следует союзное слово what, вводящее при­даточное подлежащее — what the country needs, которое входит в дополнительное придаточное предложение — what the country needs is a budget; к предикативному члену которого (budget) относится

придаточное определительное, вводимое союзным словом which — which drastically cuts military spending and export of capital.

Перевод на русский язык предложений с последовательным подчинением не представляет особой трудности, если придержи­ваться основных правил анализа, изложенных в начале главы.

Примечание. В некоторых случаях не только сложноподчиненные, но и сложносочиненные и простые распространенные предложения могут представлять известную трудность при переводе. В этих случаях тоже необ­ходимо проанализировать предложение, выделить его главный состав и оп­ределить остальные члены предложения.

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.

1. What is thought of as tax policy in the United States cannot exist in
the European Union because the EU levies no taxes of its own.

2. However ingeniously information-processing technology is used,
what seems certain is that threats to traditional notions of privacy will
proliferate.

3. What is more striking about Ireland's new economy is how tightly it
is linked to Europe and the world.

4. Exercising control over who knows what about you has also come
to be seen as an essential feature of a civilised society.

5. What began some years ago as a band of fledgling mobile-phone
companies has today become a powerful force that is reshaping Europe's
industrial landscape and, in many cases, overshadowing telephone titans
that had enjoyed a solid monopoly for more than a century.

6. What does motivate Scottish nationalism, and has also been the
driving force behind demands for devolution of power from London over
the past century, is the strong Scottish attachment to the country's civic
institutions.

7. The decision of Turkey's constitutional court, on the urging of
meddlesome generals, to ban the party which won the most recent gen­
eral election and which, until last summer, led a government coalition is
foolish. It will do nothing to give stability to a politically unstable coun­
try.

8. In what may be the crowning irony of scandal-steeped culture in
the nation's capital, Kenneth Starr, the grand inquisitor so vilified by
President Clinton and his allies, may now become the quarry of an out­
side prosecutor himself.

9. The Conservative constitutional affairs spokesman claimed details
of plans (by Labour) to cut back the royal family's annual funding

increase by two thirds to a figure in line with the Government's inflation target was further evidence of Labour support for the «back door Republicanism which Demos organization presents.

10. What India says gets listened to respectfully in that triangle south
of the Himalayas; farther afield, its voice fades.

11. The Federal Reserve's ability to maintain its integrity while pay­
ing due deference to the democratically elected authorities with which it
works provides a model more appropriate to a complex economy of the
EU than does the haughty independence of Bundesbank..

 

12. The very criterion that limits political democracy most seriously
— the fact that it is a set of methods and procedures governing how poli­
cies are to be arrived at rather than what policies are to be effected —
is also the source of its greatest strength.

13. Whether the Prime Minister will be successful in his plea for an
early improvement in world payment arrangements is rather doubtful.

14. Whether Japan is a party to this collision is not evident.

15. It means that Britain is going to have a further period of balance of
payments deficit, lasting for quite some time to get through. Whether
Britain can do it without renewed pressure on the pound is the problem
which faces the Government.

16. While few would argue with the notion of engagement with China,
what is most depressing is how the optimists continue to see the virtues of
treating Beijing with kid gloves.

17. The effort to encourage policy reform — if that is what today's
pattern of aid describes — had been made at an enormous cost in terms
of unrelieved poverty.

18. What is important is whether a country's resources are fully and
effectively utilized and developed by and for its people.

 

19. But this does not mean Britain is overpopulated. What it means is
that there is something basically wrong with the system.

20. The overseas trade position has therefore remained much better
than last year. What is not certain is whether the improvement is con­
tinuing sufficiently fast.

21. The most startling thing about the rapid rise of Vodafone, perhaps,
is that it wasn't the only mobile-phone upstart on the march.

22. When you have only two candidates running and one of them will
be elected, the electorate has what we could call a choice of two national
disasters.

23. What is most depressing is that some American China watchers
conclude that we need to be nicer to China, not tougher — apparently for
fear that Beijing will get even nastier with the West.

24. The idea the party wants to convey is that the dogmatism was just
a phase the Tory once went through.

25.Colombian officials said___ they were disappointed that the head

of the largest rebel group in the country had not attended peace talks aimed at ending a 34-year-old civil war, but they signaled that the nego­tiations would continue.

26. The computer maker estimates___ its profit fell almost a third last

year.

27. Kuwait, which has most reason to support the use of force against

Iraq (but has in fact been a bit equivocal), is one of the few to say___ it

will attend the conference - but showed its feeling by saying__ it would

send only an under-secretary from the finance ministry.

28. The financing deal, which is unusually large for a computer com­
pany, highlights how economic crisis has altered the way Asian compa­
nies approach high-tech investments and how that, in turn, is demanding
sophisticated and riskier solutions from US exporters.

29. Renault SA, which is seen as overly reliant on the European mar­
ket and historically slow to expand overseas, is in the midst of the take­
over that could render it more attractive to potential marriage partners,
industry analysts believe.

30. The minority three-party coalition government, which controls
25% of the seats in the country's legislature, the Storting (Norway), lacks
the political muscle to withstand pressure from the opposition.

31. The paper, on which that calculation is based shows that if the
present aid budget were switched entirely to an efficient poverty-reducing
allocation, 80 m people a year would be lifted out of poverty at a cost of
$450 per person, compared with the present 30 m a year at a cost of
$1.200 per person.

32. Encryption, which scrambles data for protection from eavesdrop­
pers, is becoming key to electronic communications and commerce.

33. Traditionalists who see a Scottish parliament as a dangerous
change to a system which has delivered Britain centuries of peace and
stability are missing the point.

34. The riots in Karawang, 60 kilometers east of Jakarta, broke out
Friday after rumors spread that the police had mistreated motorcycle driv­
ers who ferry passengers for a living.

35. The original university which emerged in Italy and France in the
12^th and 13^th centuries, was what we would now call a professional
school, designed to train theologians, doctors, lawyers, and philosophers
who were usually teachers.

 

36. The latest turn in the Starr inquiry is bound to be part of the debate
that begins in earnest this week over whether Congress should renew the
federal law that creates independent counsels.

37. The New York Times, correctly, objected: «The notion that nu­
clear war can be kept limited and, in some sense, 'won' is not only dubi­
ous; to adopt it may actually increase the risk of nuclear suicide.»

38. Meanwhile, a quarrel over whether the European Parliament has
the right to push through extra budget spending after the budget ministers
failed to agree on its proposals, could end up in court if France refuses to
pay the extra funds.

 

39. The lawsuit alleges that the airline failed to rescue the trapped
passengers or allow them to leave the aircraft after several hours of what
they said amounted to forced detention.

40. Nineteen companies involved in everything from property devel­
opment to bicycle manufacturing announced that they would post losses
in their earnings reports for last year, which are due by the end of April.

41. The European Commission has made a convenient target for the
Parliament, which is flexing its muscles in advance of elections in June
and fighting off the popular perception that it is a gravy train in which
many of its members habitually fiddle their expenses.

42. Having a single standard was a boon to manufacturers, which
could produce equipment for a single European wireless market, and for
operators, which could form so-called roaming agreements that let cus­
tomers from one country cross borders and use networks in another.

43. As the European Union threw its cell-phone market open to com­
petition, other unknown operators began making deep inroads into what
quickly became the fastest-growing segment of the EU $171.8 billion
telecom market.

44. The IMF subsidizes two very influential constituencies, interna­
tional bankers and the profligate politicians who preside over such places
as Russia, Indonesia and Brazil.

45. Justice according to the whims of the nearest mob is not justice at
all, but arbitrariness. And that is not good for what little legitimacy inter­
national law has.

46. The fear of ethnic tension between the majority Chinese popula­
tion and the Malay, Indian and other minorities [in Singapore] has led to
an emphasis on what the races have in common rather than what makes
them distinct.

47. Singaporeans are used to their government taking a paternal inter­
est in what they do and think, and to its perennial campaigns telling them
how to behave.

48. America can now lay claim to what conservative critic D.Frum has
aptly called «history's first mass upper class.»

49. The UN Security Council stands firm on the principle that it itself
must determine whom it sends to decide whether Iraq has dismantled its
weapons of mass destruction.

50. In what may be a model for future operations, France has taken its
soldiers out of the Central African Republic, replacing them with an 800-
strong African force from six African countries.

51. When Hong Kong's carefully picked «provisional» legislature
was sworn in last July, replacing the elected one that China deemed un­
acceptable, the easy prediction was that it would be the poodle of the new
chief executive and even of Beijing.

ЭЛЛИПТИЧЕСКИЕ КОНСТРУКЦИИ

1. Эллиптические конструкции типа if any, if anything имеют экспрессивно-усилительное значение и передаются на русский язык придаточными условными предложениями, а также словами почти, пожалуй, вовсе, вообще и др.

Objections to this plan, if any, should be reported to the committee at once. Если и имеются возражения против этого плана, то они должны быть немедленно представлены комитету. (Возражения, если они имеются...)

Very little, if anything, could be advanced in the defence of his policy. Почти ничего нельзя было сказать в поддержку его поли­тики.

Примечание. If anything может переводиться также словосочетани­ем во всяком случае, не что иное как...

If anything, it will be in their interests to follow this course. Во всяком случае, в их интересах следовать этому курсу.

2. К эллиптическим конструкциям относятся также уступитель­ные придаточные предложения, вводимые союзами whatever, however, в которых отсутствует сказуемое (иногда подлежащее). На русский язык такие уступительные придаточные предложения пере­водятся полными уступительными придаточными предложениями с союзами какой бы ни, каким бы ни (восстанавливается сказуемое и подлежащее полного предложения).

The British people have to submit to new taxation, however high. Английскому народу приходится примириться с новыми налога­ми, какими бы высокими они ни были.

3. К эллиптическим конструкциям относится и сочетание if + причастие II (или прилагательное). На русский язык это сочетание переводится придаточным уступительным предложением.

If considered from this point of view, the problem takes on a new aspect. Если рассматривать проблему с этой точки зрения, то она приобретает (принимает) другой характер.

But the decision, if logical, requires a measure of courage. Но это решение, хотя оно и логично, требует известного мужества.