Task 2. Read the text to get more information about European youth culture.

Culture – the customs, beliefs, art, music and all the other products of human thought made by a particular group or people at a particular time. Youth culture – the interests and activities of young people (especially the music, films, sports, or other entertainments they enjoy). Besides youth culture is a particular relationship on the part of young people with the whole world of fashion, image, style, music, dance.

Most young people follow some kind of youth culture – a way for them to express their individuality.

Youth cultures are constantly changing, but it is not only the teenagers themselves who decide what the new culture will be. Politics, economics and technology have all affected teenagers’ lifestyles. Since the Second World War youth cultures have been more and more influenced by the power of the music and fashion industries, which promote and recycle youth cultures whenever they can.

Youth culture has changed quite dramatically over the last 20 or 30 years.

What about music? POP is short for “popular” and there has always been popular music. But until 1950s there wasn’t a style of music just for young people. That all changed when rock and roll began. Since then, hundreds of styles and stars have come and gone.

One of the first post-war youth cultures was the “Teddy Boys” or “Teds”. Large numbers of young Teds collected in coffee houses, there were fights and acts of vandalism. By 1954, the media had begun to associate the Ted youth culture with something rebellious and threatening.

50s – was the time when rock and roll began in America. The first big stars of it were black – Chuck Berry, Fat Domino; they brought traditional “rhythm and blues” which was soon copied by white singers like Bill Haley, Jerry Lee Lewis and of course Elvis Aron Presley. He became the real hero of the young, who really enjoyed his rough and dangerous music. In the 1950s records were improved by new technology, radios became smaller, music was everywhere; in 1956 music became business.

In the 60s Rolling Stones introduced hard, aggressive rock and roll. The other group played a mixture of rock and pop. These were the Beatles (the Fab Four from Liverpool). The Beatles were one of the first British pop groups to write their own music instead of copying American hits. Thanks to Stones and the Beatles pop became Transatlantic. But though the Beatles remained popular, most young people preferred the more rebellious sound of the Stones. Suddenly youth culture began fragmenting into many different movements.

Thus different cultural groupings appeared: Rockers – they wore leather jackets, rode motorcycles and listened “rock and roll”.

Mod (modernists) – wore cheap Italian suits, rode scooters, liked a particular type of pop music. They were perhaps the first youth culture group to use drugs.

Later skinheads appeared wearing short hair and huge boots were usually regarded as violent. They were more influenced by football than by music, thus caused trouble at football matches. 1960 was a time of great economic growth in Britain which caused a great generation boom. Although youth culture was exploited, teenagers had great freedom and political influence. In 1969, 18-years-olds were given the vote.

In the 70s Abba and the Sex Pistols groups appeared. Sweden’s Abba worked with latest technology and their songs were popular with people from 8 to 80. They were rich, produced videos. Other superstars appeared – Elton John, David Bowie, Rod Stewart, and Queen. Music became a billion-dollar industry.

But just on the contrary the Sex Pistols played different music, they didn’t look happy and rich, they didn’t smile, they weren’t good musicians, but they brought new energy to music. That was the beginning of the punk revolution which became a fashion by 1980.

In the mid 1970s Britain was in economic recession. Unemployment was high, especially for the young. Some young people felt that society had let them down, and a youth culture emerged to reflect this. Punk rock was designed to shock by dyed, spiked hair, leather belts and plastic clothes. Punks were a mixture of art rejected conventional styles of dress. They were fans of loud, fast and tuneless music with violent lyrics.

In the early 80s there was a confusing mixture of youth cultures. There was no universal “look”. Anything was acceptable, such as Bowie in a clown’s costume or Duran Duran dressed as pirates. Youth cultures became fragmented, and the different subcultures seemed to accept each other with relative indifference.

In 1980s young people faced a problem – where to go at night. Thus large parties were held at a variety of locations, often in warehouses or empty buildings, where young people could dance all night. The media were saying the parties were full of drug-takers, and police raids became common. These “raves”, originally called “acid house parties” continued. The people who went to “rave” were ravens. They developed a “rave” pop-dance culture.

New styles have been also introduced under the influence of black youth culture like reggae and rap. Rap music came from the USA, and is the form of poetry which involves chanting to a strong beat. The culture has been influential – it is now common to hear rap on TV commercials as well as on the radio.

The most popular musical event in the 80s was “Live Aid”. It was organized by Bob Geldof, who started raising money for the starving people of Ethiopia in 1984. A huge rock concert with many world top stars was organized. Sting, Sade, Bob Dylan, David Bowie, Madonna, Mick Jigger, Tina Turner, and Paul McCartney were among them. It raised $100 mln.

Musical technology has also changed, pop has come a long way since the days of Elvis Presley: it was fun in the “50s”, an escape – in 60s, a big business in the 70s; in the 80s – it became part of an international youth culture. What’s happening now? – Maybe the mixture of musical styles? Or everybody chooses what is closer to his mind, character, mood and taste.

Another part of youth culture is graffiti art, especially popular with young people in GB and the USA. It’s aerosol art of scribbling and drawing on the walls.

It takes a number of forms: an individual scribbles just the initials of the artists, or something larger, like a mural. For some artists, graff is a reaction, while for others it is a thought-out expression. The motivation behind a piece of graff can be happiness or sadness, frustration or relief. For this reason graff is very close to the hearts of young people.

What’s like to be a teenager in Russia?

Before 1989 many young people belonged to Komsomol – a youth organization –a junior section of the Communist Party; all young men have to do two years of Military service – between the ages of 18 and 20. Russia provides free education for all school leavers.

Before “glasnost”, the Kremlin called pop music “a dangerous Western influence”, but not any more. Since the mid 80s there has been an explosion of rock and pop culture in Russia.

It’s easy to buy foreign concerts, there are more concerts; there are hundreds of new bands, which have started to make videos. Russia has started to export pop music to the West. Russian television has programmes for teenagers, different quiz shows, panel games, pop videos, and foreign movies. Most teenagers spend a lot of time in cafes, discos, and sports clubs. Reading preferences include romance (12 to 16 year-old girls), fantasy, books from TV series; serious novels (on political and social problems); many teenagers enjoy reading classics and comedy books. Youth culture magazines are also booming. There are magazines on pop, style, sport and fashion.

But does the youth culture really exist and who controls it? Teens have different opinions on the problem.

To them there are 2 kinds of youth culture – boring or international – Coca Cola ads, Adidas shoes, Madonna. Real youth culture is different – that’s the idea and opinions and styles of young people; it is controlled by people under 30.

On the other side it offers too much choice, which can become a real problem. Youth culture puts a lot of pressure on kids.

Youth culture is great as it gives the chance to talk seriously and have fun.

Youth culture has come a long way, it has become completely international. Teenagers all over the world are interested in the environment, peace, famine, pop and politics, fashion and styles, drugs like real and serious members of the society and we say “Future belongs to young”.