Alternative medicine education

Передмова

Даний посібник призначений перш за все для студентів вищих навчальних закладів немовних спеціальностей, в яких за програмою передбачається курс фітотерапії та дієтології. Посібник може бути використаний як співробітниками медичних закладів, так і особами, які вивчають англійську мову самотужки і виїжджають за кордон з метою обміну досвідом.

Головним принципом посібника є його мовна спрямованість.

Мета посібника –підготувати студентів до читання і розуміння оригінальної фахової літератури англійською мовою, навчити спілкуватися в межах тем посібника.

Посібник побудований за тематичним принципом і містить 15 тем: нетрадиційна медицина, освіта з нетрадиційної медицини, фітотерапія, заготівля лікарських рослин, стандартизація та якість лікарських препаратів рослинного походження, побічні ефекти від лікування лікарськими рослинами, ароматотерапія, харчування, дієтологія, поживні речовини, мінерали та вітаміни, зв'язок між дотриманням дієти та хворобою, важливість дотримання збалансованої дієти, лікувальні властивості фруктів та овочів, наше здоров’я в наших руках.

До основних текстів кожного розділу додаються пояснення складних слів і словосполучень, що становлять вокабуляр до текстів. Крім цього, вміщено додаткові матеріали з англійських та американських джерел (наукових журналів, словників тощо).

Кожний розділ є завершеним комплексом у структурно-методичному та навчально-пізнавальному відношенні, тому викладачі мають змогу самостійно вибирати теми для обговорення.

Система текстів і вправ – в основному креативного змісту (декодування термінів, розпізнавання у мікро- та макроконтекстах).

У посібнику не передбачені вправи на опрацювання граматичних конструкцій. Вибір таких структур для тренування залежить від загальної та індивідуальної підготовки студентів. За викладачем залишається право вибирати теми та прийоми роботи.

Наприкінці посібника вміщено українсько-англійського словник назв дерев, кущів, трав та квітів.

Отож посібник зорієнтований на широке коло читачів, які хочуть знати англійську мову глибше, бажають навчитися спілкування з англомовними носіями, прагнуть зрозуміти необхідну інформацію в Інтернеті та наукову літературу професійної спрямованості.

Може бути використаний для аудиторної роботи зі студентами II курсу спеціальності “Фізична реабілітація” вищих навчальних закладів.

 

Contents

Unit 1. Alternative medicine…………………………………………………...6

Unit 2. Alternative medicine education………………………………………10

Unit 3. Phytotherapy………………………………………………………….13

Unit 4. Picking, drying and storing up of medicinal plants…………………17

Unit 5. Standardization and plant medicine quality………………………...20

Unit 6. Potential side effects…………………………………………………..23

Unit 7. Aromatherapy as a part of alternative medicine……………………26

Unit 8. Meals…………………………………………………………………...33

Unit 9. Dietology. Popular diets……………………………………………...38

Unit 10. Nutrients that provide energy………………………………………44

Unit 11. Three other nutrients (water, minerals and vitamins)…………….46

Unit 12. The link between diet and disease…………………………………..49

Unit 13. The importance of a balanced diet………………………………….52

Unit 14. Medicinal properties of fruit and vegetables. Healthy food………56

Unit 15. My health is in my hands……………………………………………63

Ukrainian-English mini dictionary of plants………………………………..66

Literature……………………………………………………………………..70

Тематичний план (4ий семестр)

№ п/п	Тема	Кількість аудиторних годин
	Alternative medicine
	Alternative medicine education
	Phytotherapy
	Picking, drying and storing up of medicinal plants
	Standardization and plant medicine quality
	Side effects of herbs
	Aromatherapy as a part of alternative medicine
	Meals
	Dietology. Popular diets
	Nutrients that provide energy
	Three other nutrients (water, minerals and vitamins)
	The link between diet and disease
	The importance of a balanced diet
	Medicinal properties of fruit and vegetables.Healthy food
	My health is in my hands
	Всього

 

Unit 1

Alternative medicine

Traditional phytotherapy is often used as synonym for herbalism and regarded as "alternative medicine" by much of Western medicine. Modern phytotherapy when critically conducted, can be considered the scientific study on the effects and clinical use of herbal medicines.

In Western culture, the controversial term alternative medicine is any healing practice "that does not fall within the realm of conventional medicine" or "that which has not been shown consistently to be effective." It is often opposed to evidence based medicine and encompasses therapies with a historical or cultural, rather than a scientific, basis.

However, the term alternative medicine has been criticized as deceptive. Richard Dawkins has stated that "there is no alternative medicine. There is only medicine that works and medicine that doesn't work."

The American National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) cites examples including naturopathy, chiropractic medicine, herbalism, traditional Chinese medicine, Ayurveda, meditation, yoga, biofeedback, hypnosis, homeopathy, acupuncture, and nutritional-based therapies, in addition to a range of other practices. It is frequently grouped with complementary medicine, which generally refers to the same interventions when used in conjunction with mainstream techniques, under the umbrella term complementary and alternative medicine, or CAM. Some researchers in alternative medicine oppose this grouping, preferring to emphasize differences of approach, but nevertheless use the term CAM, which has become standard. Although heterogeneous, the major CAM systems have many common characteristics, including a focus on individualizing treatments, treating the whole person, promoting self-care and self-healing, and recognizing the spiritual nature of each individual. In addition, many CAM systems have characteristics commonly found in mainstream health care, such as a focus on good nutrition and preventive practices. Unlike mainstream medicine, CAM often lacks or has only limited experimental and clinical study; however, scientific investigation of CAM is beginning to address this knowledge gap. Thus, boundaries between CAM and mainstream medicine, as well as among different CAM systems, are often blurred and are constantly changing. Alternative medicine practices are as diverse in their foundations as in their methodologies. Practices may incorporate or base themselves on traditional medicine, folk knowledge, spiritual beliefs, or newly conceived approaches to healing. Jurisdictions where alternative medical practices are sufficiently widespread may license and regulate them. The claims made by alternative medicine practitioners are generally not accepted by the medical community because evidence-based assessment of safety and efficacy is either not available or has not been performed for these practices. If scientific investigation establishes the safety and effectiveness of an alternative medical practice, it then becomes mainstream medicine and is no longer "alternative", and may therefore become widely adopted by conventional practitioners. Because alternative techniques tend to lack evidence, or may even have repeatedly failed to work in tests, some have advocated defining it as non-evidence based medicine or not medicine at all.

Some researchers state that the evidence-based approach to defining CAM is problematic because some CAM is tested, and research suggests that many mainstream medical techniques lack solid evidence. A 1998 systematic review of studies assessing its prevalence in 13 countries concluded that about 31% of cancer patients use some form of complementary and alternative medicine. Alternative medicine varies from country to country. Edzard Ernst says that in Austria and Germany CAM is mainly in the hands of physicians, while some estimates suggest that at least half of American alternative practitioners are physicians. In Germany, herbs are tightly regulated, with half prescribed by doctors and covered by health insurance based on their Commission E legislation. The most common CAM therapies used in the US were prayer (45.2%), herbalism (18.9%), breathing meditation (11.6%), meditation (7.6%), chiropractic medicine (7.5%), yoga (5.1%), body work (5.0%), diet-based therapy (3.5%), progressive relaxation (3.0%), mega-vitamin therapy (2.8%) and visualization (2.1%).

 

Active Vocabulary

 

alternative medicine	нетрадиційна медицина
controversial	спірний, дискусійний
deceptive	обманливий
complementary medicine	нетрадиційна медицина
to encompass	містити в собі
heterogeneous	неоднорідний
blur	забруднити, зробити неясним
conceive	задумувати,складати
prevalence	поширення
estimate	оцінка, калькуляція
prayer	молитва

Tasks

Task 1. Answer the questions to the text.

 

1. What is alternative medicine in Western countries?

2. What does Richard Dawkins think of alternative medicine?

3. What does CAM stand for?

4. Why do some researchers consider CAM problematic?

5. What are the most common CAM therapies in the USA?

 

Task 2. Translate into Ukrainian.

 

1. Complementary medicine is the treatment, alleviation, or prevention of disease by such techniques as osteopathy, homeopathy, aromatherapy, and acupuncture, allied with attention to such factors as diet and emotional stability, which can affect a person's wellbeing.

2. Chiropractic is a system of treating bodily disorders by manipulation of the spine and other parts, based on the belief that the cause is the abnormal functioning of a nerve.

3. Naturopathy is a method of treating disorders, involving the use of herbs and other naturally grown foods, sunlight, fresh air.

4. Homeopathy is a method of treating disease by the use of small amounts of a drug that, in healthy persons, produces symptoms similar to those of the disease being treated.

5. Yoga is A) a Hindu system of philosophy aiming at the mystical union of the self with the Supreme Being in a state of complete awareness and tranquillity through certain physical and mental exercises; B) any method by which such awareness and tranquillity are attained, esp a course of related exercises and postures designed to promote physical and spiritual wellbeing.

6. Biofeedback (біологічний зворотній зв'язок) is a technique for teaching the control of autonomic functions, such as the rate of heartbeat or breathing, by recording the activity and presenting it (usually visually) so that the person can know the state of the autonomic function he or she is learning to control.

7. Neurofeedback is a technique, for dealing with brain-based functional disorders without the use of medication or invasive procedures, in which brain activity is recorded using electrodes and presented visually or audibly so that the patient can know the state of the function he or she is trying to control.

8. Visualization (візуалізація, формування зорового образу, мислене уявлення) is a technique involving focusing on positive mental images in order to achieve a particular goal.

9. Hypnosis is an artificially induced state of relaxation and concentration in which deeper parts of the mind become more accessible: used clinically to reduce reaction to pain, to encourage free association.

Task 3. Read the dialogue and act it out:

 

Doctor:	How are you getting on?
Patient:	Much better. Doctor, you saved my life.
Doctor:	You are exaggerating. In fact I just gave you some useful and simple instructions. And you, in your turn, as a good and diligent patient followed them promptly.
Patient:	No. You really saved me because you convinced me to do right things such as to believe, to hope and to forgive people. I convinced for myself that our thoughts are material. They can work miracles.
Doctor:	I’ve told you many times and I’ll repeat it again. Our physical health depends on our psychic state. If we are always under stress or in low spirits, we ruin our health. If we are angry with our relatives, friends or colleagues, we destroy ourselves. If we can’t forgive our offenders, we’ll never be healthy. No remedy will help us to recover.
Patient:	You are undoubtedly right. I tried many CAM therapies but only healing property of belief helped me mostly. Of course, I took the medicine you had prescribed for me and together with my belief and my close relatives’ support it gave a positive result. Before treating our bodies, we should heal our souls.
Doctor:	Yes, I completely agree with you. We have to enjoy our lives, appreciate every moment because it is unique. Do you still remember my rules of healthy lifestyle?
Patient:	Yes, I’ll never forget them: to spend much time in the open air, to eat healthy food, to combine work and rest, to help people in case of necessity, never worry about trifles and be glad either it’s raining or the sun is shining over your head.
Doctor:	Follow these simple rules. They are the best remedy for all diseases.
Patient:	Thank you, doctor.

 

Task 4. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

 

1. People are guilty of their diseases for themselves.

2. Prosperity makes friends, adversity tries them.

3. Health is the best God’s gift.

4. A man can buy everything except health.

5. If you build up your soul, you build up your health.

 

Task 5. Points for discussion:

a)“Complementary and Alternative medicine (fringe medicine) in Ukraine”

b) “The most effective CAM therapies”

c) “Hypnosis, meditation and yoga. Religious point of view”

Unit 2

Active Vocabulary

 

MD (Doctor of Medicine)	доктор медицини
osteopathic medicine	остеопатична медицина
nursing school	медколедж
to reject	відкидати, відхиляти
conventional medicine	традиційна медицина
to embrace	cприймати,містити в собі, включати
mental health	психічне здоров’я
similarly	так само, у такий самий спосіб
underway	на повний хід, повним ходом
acupuncture	голкотерапія
Ayurveda	аюрведа, традиційна система індійської медицини

Tasks

Task 1. Answer the questions to the text.

 

1. In Canada increasing numbers of medical colleges have started offering courses in alternative medicine, haven’t they?

2. What high school offers a program in Integrative Medicine under the leadership of Andrew Weil?

3. What are also increasing in number and popularity both in Canada and the USA?

4. Unconventional medicine courses are widely represented at European universities, aren’t they?

5. Do any conventional medical schools in Britain offer courses that teach the clinical practice of alternative medicine?

 

Task 2. Translate into Ukrainian:

 

1. Osteopathy is a system of healing based on the manipulation of bones or other parts of the body.

2. Acupuncture is the insertion of the tips of needles into the skin at specific points for the purpose of treating various disorders by stimulating nerve impulses. Originally Chinese, this method of treatment is practised in many parts of the world.

 

Task 3. Match the following words:

 

physician	традиційний
separate	oгляд, обслідування
to reject	звання, науковий ступінь
leadership	відхиляти, відмовляти
survey	лікар
conventional	керівництво
degree	окремий
course	кістка
bone	курс (лекцій)

 

Task 4. Make up sentences using the following words.

 

1. United States, the, colleges, offer, in, medical, in, alternative, courses, medicine.

2. Medicine, stands, and, alternative, CAM, for, complementary.

3. Both, accredited, colleges, naturopathic, are, and, also, in, number, and, increasing, popularity, in, Canada, and, universities, the, USA.

 

Task 5. Points for discussion:

a)“Alternative medicine education in Ukraine”

b) “Physical rehabilitation institutions in your region”

c) “Acupuncture. Is it safe?”

Unit 3

Phytotherapy

Phytotherapy is the use of plants and plant products for medicinal purposes. This method has recently become very widespread. However phytotherapy helps to make prophylaxis and treat for mild diseases only, especially at the first stage. The main reason is the impossibility to measure out herbs in exact doses. Concentration of medical components in tinctures, extracts and ointments prepared from herbs often exceeds the limits. This causes overdoses or short weight of the medicine and influences the quality of treatment badly.

Phytotherapy is contra-indicated for pregnant women as many herbs can change a hormone-containing tone of the organism. As a result the pregnancy can be interrupted by a misbirth.

Wild green plants have the most healing properties. Every herb has its time to pick. For example, birch leaves are stored up in April and May. They improve metabolism in human organisms. Burdock roots are stored up from April to October. They make our bodies stronger. Linden leaves and roots are stored in May and June. They are used as a sudorific and antipyretic remedy.

It is necessary to study medicinal plants, their description, properties and the way of storing up before gathering them. In case of doubt it is better either to consult the “Atlas of Medicinal Plants” or to buy herbs in a drugstore.

 

Active Vocabulary

 

phytotherapy	фітотерапія
prophylaxis	профілактика
to treat (for) mild disease	лікувати (від) легка хвороба
to measure out (in doses)	дозувати
tincture	настій
extract ointment	витяжка мазь
overdose	передозування
short weight	недовага
contra-indicated	протипоказаний
pregnant	вагітна
hormone-containing	гормональний
tone	тонус
misbirth	викидень
healing properties	цілющі властивості
burdock root	корінь лопуха
birch	береза
linden sudorific antipyretic	липа потогінний жарознижувальний

 

Tasks

Task 1. Answer the questions to the text.

 

1. What is phytotherapy?

2. Does phytotherapy help to treat for all diseases? Explain your answer.

3. Are pregnant women recommended to drink herbal teas?

4. People can gather plants at any time, can’t they?

5. Where is it possible to find information about medicinal plants description?

Task 2. Study the table of medicinal plants carefully.

Name the plants which you can pick in your region.

Unit 4

Active Vocabulary

 

to pick (to gather)	збирати
to dry	сушити
to store up	заготовляти
medicinal plants	лікарські рослини
to accumulate	накопичувати
blossoming	розквіт, цвіт,цвітіння
buds	бруньки
coltsfoot	підбіл
healing effect	цілющий ефект
running water	проточна вода
to ripen	достигати (про плоди)
hemlock	болиголов
bark	кора
buckthorn bark	кора крушини ломної
hypericum grass	трава звіробою
storage life	термін зберігання
essential oil	ефірне масло

Tasks

Task 1. Answer the questions to the text.

 

1. What is folk medicine?

2. When are roots stored up?

3. When are flowers picked?

4. What is the best way to dry medicinal plants?

5. Does the place of dried medicinal plants storage play a very important role?

Task 2. Match the words.

 

to accumulate	проточна вода
buckthorn bark	надземна частина
raw material	бруньки
hemlock	пахощі, аромат
overground part	горище
running water	сушити
buds	кора крушини ломної
fragrance	накопичувати
to dry	болиголов
attic	сировина

 

Task 3. Make up sentences using the following words.

 

1. Has, nation, treatment, accumulated, of, own, each, experience, its, herbs, treatment.

2. Material, is, necessary, store, fresh, to, raw, it.

3. The, art, folk, is, medicine, traditional, of, medicine.

4. Kinds, of, exact, plants, picked, even, at, some, time, are.

5. Running, roots, washed, water, are, in.

Task 4. Translate into English the following sentences:

 

1. Народна медицина – продукт мудрості всього людства. 2. Краще діють на людину рослини того регіону, в якому вона проживає. 3. Дуже важливо знати, коли заготовляти рослини, тому що від цього залежить вміст цілющих властивостей. 4. Бруньки зрізують рано навесні до їх набухання, інакше вони не матимуть лікувальної цінності. 5. На сонці сушать тільки коріння та кореневища. 6. Термін зберігання коріння і кореневищ – 2-3 роки, квіток і листя – один рік.

7. Лікарську сировину, що містить ароматичні ефірні олії, зберігають окремо від інших рослин, у банках.

 

Task 5. Make up dialogues using active vocabulary of the lesson on the topics:

a)“Conversation about local medicinal plants and their gathering techniques”

b) “Instructions how to dry parts of plants properly”

c) “Use of herbs by members of your family”

Unit 5

Active Vocabulary

 

ginseng	женьшень
constituent	складова частина
misleading	помилковий, хибний
licorice	солодка (локриця)
rhubarb	ревінь
crude drugs	лікарська сировина
cofactor	спільно діючий фактор, кофактор
potency	сила, ефективність, дієвість
St John’s wort	звіробій
antiviral	противірусний
batch	порція, певна кількість
organoleptic	органолептичний (той, що сприймається органами відчуття, а саме особливості смаку, кольору, аромату)
to retain	зберігати, акумулювати
foregoing	попередній, вищезазначений
contamination	забруднення
to assess	визначити
pharmacognosy	фармакогнозія (розділ фармації, що вивчає лікарську сировину рослинного та тваринного походження)

 

Tasks

Task 1. Answer the questions to the text.

 

1. What does the term ‘standardization’ means in herbal medicine?

2. What does the quality of crude drugs or plant medicines depend upon?

3. What do you know about laboratory testing of crude drugs?

Task 2. Read the dialogue and act it out.

 

Daughter:	Dad! I am doing my home task and I don’t know the meaning of some words. You are a doctor. Could you help me, please?
Father:	But you are a doctor too.
Daughter:	Future doctor, Dad. I haven’t finished my study yet.
Father:	To be frank I am not sure that I know everything but I’ll try to explain to you in case I’ve run across it in my practice.
Daughter:	What is gas chromatography?
Father:	Gas chromatographyis a technique for analyzing a mixture of volatile substances in which the mixture is carried by an inert gas through a column packed with a selective adsorbent and a detector records on a moving strip the conductivity of the gas leaving the tube. Peaks on the resulting graph indicate the presence of a particular component. It is also called gas-liquid chromatography.
Daughter:	What isspectroscopy?
Father:	Spectroscopyis the science and practice of using spectrometers and spectroscopes and of analyzing spectra, the methods employed depending on the radiation being examined. The techniques are widely used in chemical analysis and in studies of the properties of atoms, molecules, ions.
Daughter:	What isspectrophotometer?
Father:	Spectrophotometeris an instrument for producing or recording a spectrum and measuring the photometric intensity of each wavelength present, especially such an instrument used for infrared, visible, and ultraviolet radiation. What else?
Daughter:	That’s all. Dad, you are a real encyclopedia! Kiss you!

 

Task 3. Make up a dialogue using the following words and word combinations:

Standardization, misleading,gas chromatography, crude drugs, constituent, antiviral, herbal medicine, laboratory testing, in Ukraine, abroad, people’s health, dangerous illnesses, to assess, worth doing.

Task 4. Agree or disagree.

 

1. The quality of crude drugs or plant medicines depends upon a variety of factors.

2. The quality of some plant drugs can’t be judged by organoleptic factors.

3. Only a minority of chemicals used as standardization markers are known to be active constituents.

4. Active constituent concentrations may be leading measures of potency if cofactors are present.

5. Herbal medicine is unregulated.

Task 5. Points for discussion:

a)“Standardization of plants in Ukraine”

b) “ Quality of plants medicine in Ukraine”

c) “What do you know about pharmacognosy?”

 

Unit 6

Potential side effects

A number of herbs are thought to be likely to cause adverse effects. Furthermore, "adulteration, inappropriate formulation, or lack of understanding of plant and drug interactions have led to adverse reactions that are sometimes life threatening or lethal." Proper double-blind clinical trials are needed to determine the safety and efficacy of each plant before they can be recommended for medical use. Although many consumers believe that herbal medicines are safe because they are "natural", herbal medicine may interact with synthetic drugs causing toxicity to the patient, may have contamination that is a safety consideration, and herbal medicines, without proven efficacy, may be used to replace medicines that have a proven efficacy. The political issues around the safety of crude drugs vary from considering natural remedies "safe" regardless of potential dangers to considering them a dangerous unknown. Ephedra has been known to have numerous side effects, including severe skin reactions, irritability, nervousness, dizziness, trembling, headache, insomnia, profuse perspiration, dehydration, itchy scalp and skin, vomiting, hyperthermia, irregular heartbeat, seizures, heart attack, stroke, or death. Poisonous plants which have limited medicinal effects are often not sold in material doses in the United States or are available only to trained practitioners, these include:

• Aconite
• Arnica
• Belladonna
• Bryonia
• Datura
• Gelsemium
• Henbane
• Male Fern
• Phytolacca
• Podophyllum and
• Veratrum

Furthermore, herbs such as Lobelia, Ephedra and Eonymus that cause nausea, sweating, and vomiting, have been traditionally prized for this action. Plants such as Comfrey and Petasites have specific toxicity due to hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid content. There are other plant drugs which require caution or can interact with other medications, including St. John's wort and grapefruit.

Conventional treatments are subjected to testing for undesired side-effects, whereas alternative treatments generally are not subjected to such testing at all. Any treatment — whether conventional or alternative — that has a biological or psychological effect on a patient may also have potentially dangerous biological or psychological side-effects. Attempts to refute this fact with regard to alternative treatments sometimes use the appeal to nature fallacy, i.e. "that which is natural cannot be harmful".

An exception to the normal thinking regarding side-effects is Homeopathy. Since 1938 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has regulated homeopathic products in "several significantly different ways from other drugs." Homeopathic preparations, termed "remedies," are extremely dilute, often far beyond the point where a single molecule of the original active (and possibly toxic) ingredient is likely to remain. They are thus considered safe on that count, but "their products are exempt from good manufacturing practice requirements related to expiration dating and from finished product testing for identity and strength," and their alcohol concentration may be much higher than allowed in conventional drugs.

 

Active Vocabulary

 

side effects	побічні дії
adulteration	фальсифікація
interaction	взаємодія
double-blind	подвійний сліпий (експеримент, в якому випробувач і випробуваний не знають реальну ціль експерименту, так як це може повпливати на експеримент)
ephedra	ефедра, хвойник
dizziness	запаморочення
aconite	аконіт
arnica	арніка
belladonna	беладонна
bryonia	переступень
datura	дурман
henbane	блекота
comfrey	живокіст
male fern	чоловіча папороть
podophyllum	подофіл
veratrum	чемериця
seizure	апоплексичний удар

 

Tasks

Task 1. Answer the questions to the text.

 

1. Can herbs cause adverse effects?

2. Proper double-blind clinical trials are needed to determine the safety and efficacy of each plant before they can be recommended for medical use, aren’t they?

3. Are poisonous plants which have limited medicinal effects sold in material doses in the United States?

4. What poisonous plants do you know?

5. Why are homeopathic products considered to be safe?

Task 2. Translate into English:

 

1. Вживання деяких трав у невідповідних дозах шкідливе для здоров’я людини. 2.. Гомеопатичні препарати використовують як допоміжний засіб при лікуванні складних захворювань. 3.Обов’язкова консультація лікаря перед вживанням настоїв із лікарських трав. 4. Вагітні жінки повинні бути обачливими при вживанні лікарських трав. 5. Слід негайно припинити вживання трав при негативній реакції організму.

 

Task 3. Make up sentences using the following words.

 

1. Plant, proper, clinical, are, safety, needed, to, trials, determine, the, and, efficacy, of, each, double-blind.

2. Interact, to, herbal, causing, synthetic, medicine, may, with, drugs, toxicity, the, patient.

3. Has, ephedra, been, known, to, side, numerous, effects, have.

4. Material, poisonous, the, in, United States, are, plants, often, not, sold, doses, in.

5. Plants, toxicity, some, have.

Task 4. Read the dialogue and act it out.

 

Student:	Is it safe to use herbs for treatment?
Lecturer:	Only in certain doses and after doctor’s consultation.
Student:	Why is it dangerous?
Lecturer:	Because some herbs can cause adverse effects. Misunderstanding of plant and drug interactions can lead to unforeseeable consequences that are sometimes life threatening or lethal."
Student:	What can you say about the use of some plants by teenagers?
Lecturer:	The age of adolescents is specific in its own. It is the age of physiological and psychological jump in the development. Teenagers don’t realize what they do. Both they and their future children are in danger.
Student:	How it is possible to prevent this social phenomenon?
Lecturer:	Only by joint efforts of parents, police and state control over herbs sale.
Student:	What about healthy lifestyle campaigns?
Lecturer:	Sometimes they are effective, but to my mind the best healthy lifestyle campaign is classmates’ healthy lifestyle, isn’t it?

 

Task 5. Points for discussion:

a)“Side effects of local plants”

b) “Is it necessary doctor’s consultation before taking herbal teas or

homeopathic remedy?”

c) “Teenagers’ abuse of poisonous plants (such as datura, henbane)”

Unit 7

Active Vocabulary

 

volatile	леткий, летючий, що швидко випаровується
volatile oils	ефірні масла
celery	селера
sedative	заспокійливий, снотворний
bee balm	монарда
odorous substances	пахучі речовини
flammable	вогненебезпечний, легкозаймистий
resin	смола, камедь
spiritual dimension	духовний вимір
olfactory	нюховий
to engender	збуджувати, породжувати, викликати
subtle	тонкий, ніжний (про запах)
to expound	роз'яснювати, тлумачити

 

Tasks

History of Aromаtherapy

Part I

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In brief, aromatherapy is the use of volatile plant oils, including essential oils, for psychological and physical well-being. Although the term aromatherapy was not used until the 20th Century, the foundations of aromatherapy date back thousands of years. The use of essential oils in particular date back nearly one thousand years.

The Chinese may have been one of the first cultures to use aromatic plants for well-being. Their practices involved burning incense to help create harmony and balance.

Later, the Egyptians invented a rudimentary distillation machine that allowed for the crude extraction of cedarwood oil. It is also thought by some that Persia and India may have also invented crude distillation machines, but very little is known.

Oils of cedarwood, clove, cinnamon, nutmeg and myrrh were used by the Egyptians to embalm the dead. When a tomb was opened in the early 20th century, traces of the herbs were discovered with intact portions of the body. The scent, although faint, was still apparent. Although the cedarwood the Egyptians used was distilled by a crude distillation process, the other oils the Egyptians used were most likely infused oils.

The Egyptians also used infused oils and herbal preparations for spiritual, medicinal, fragrant and cosmetic use. It is thought that the Egyptians coined the term perfume, from the Latin per fumum which translates as through the smoke. Egyptian men of the time used fragrance as readily as the women. An interesting method that the men used to fragrance themselves was to place a solid cone of perfume on their heads. It would gradually melt and would cover them in fragrance.

The Greeks learned a great deal from the Egyptians, but Greek mythology apparently credits the gift and knowledge of perfumes to the gods. The Greeks also recognized the medicinal and aromatic benefits of plants. Hippocrates, commonly called the "father of medicine" practiced fumigations for both aromatic and medicinal benefit. A Greek perfumer by the name of Megallus created a perfume called megaleion. Megaleion included myrrh in a fatty-oil base and served several purposes: (1) for its aroma, (2) for its anti-inflammatory properties towards the skin and (3) to heal wounds.

The Roman Empire built upon the knowledge of the Egyptians and Greeks. Discorides wrote a book called De Materia Medica that described the properties of approximately 500 plants. It is also reported that Discorides studied distillation. Distillation during this period, however, focused on extracting aromatic floral waters and not essential oils.

 

Task 3. Translate into Ukrainian:

 

Disease	Essential oils that treat for the disease
angina, tonsillitis	bergamot, geranium, origanum, ginger, cardamom, ladanum, lime, marjoram, fir, rosemary, camomile, sandalwood, thyme, tea tree, sage, eucalyptus
bronchitis	azalea, calamus, anise, orange, basil, elecampane, origanum, fir, hyssop, cajeput, cardamom, pine, cypress, cedar, coriander, cinnamon, lavender, ladanum, lime, marjoram, melissa, almond, myrtle, wоrmwood, rosemary, poon, sandalwood, thuja, milfoil, fennel, thyme, tea tree, sage, eucalyptus
hypertonia	azalea, verbena, ilang-ilang, hyssop, lavender, lime, marjoram, rose
hypotension	verbena, ilang-ilang, hyssop, fir, rosemary, rose, citronella, thyme
headache, migraine	azalea, basil, valerian, verbena, geranium, ilang-ilang, ginger, cardamom, cypress, lavender, lime, lemon, marjoram, melissa, peppermint, neroli, rosemary, poon, rose, camomile, eucalyptus
toothache	basil, cajeput, coriander, melissa, peppermint, fir
otitus	geranium, cajeput, lavender, sage
radiculitis	azalea, calamus, vetiver, fir, ginger, cajeput, pine, coriander, cinnamon, lavender, laurel, ladanum, lime, cedar, marjoram, melissa, myrtle, juniper, nutmeg, peppermint, rosemary, poon, thuja, milfoil, tea tree, sage, eucalyptus
stress, depression	calamus, anise, orange, basil, marigold, bergamot, valerian, vetiver, carnation, geranium, grapefruit, jasmine, ilang-ilang, cardamom, pine, coriander, cedar, cinnamon, lavender, ladanum, lime, tangerine, melissa, myrrh, myrtle, juniper, nutmeg, neroli, patchouli, wоrmwood, rosemary, poon, rose, camomile, sandalwood, fennel, citronella, thyme, sage
tachycardia	anise, orange, valerian, geranium, coriander, lavender, peppermint, neroli

 

 

Task 4. Read the text and make up 10 questions to it. Let your group-mates answer

them.

History of Aromаtherapy

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A major event for the distillation of essential oils came with the invention of a coiled cooling pipe in the 11th century. Persian by birth, Avicenna invented a coiled pipe which allowed the plant vapor and steam to cool down more effectively than previous distillers that used a straight cooling pipe. Avicenna's contribution lead to more focus on essential oils and their benefits.

Within the 12th century, an Abbess of Germany named Hildegard grew and distilled lavender for its medicinal properties.

Within the 13th century, the pharmaceutical industry was born. This event encourages great distillation of essential oils.

During the 14th century, the Black Death hit and killed millions of people. Herbal preparations were used extensively to help fight this terrible killer. It is believed that some perfumers may have avoided the plague by their constant contact with the natural aromatics.

Within the 15th century, more plants were distilled to create essential oils including frankincense, juniper, rose, sage and rosemary. A growth in the amount of books on herbs and their properties also begins later in the century. Paracelcus, an alchemist, medical doctor and radical thinker is credited with coining the term Essence and his studies radically challenged the nature of alchemy and he focused upon using plants as medicines.

During the 16th century, one could begin purchasing oils at an "apothecary," and many more essential oils were introduced.

During the 16th and 17th centuries, perfume starting being considered an art form, and it was more clearly defined as its own field.

During the 19th century, perfumery remained a prosperous industry. Women would have their jeweler create a special bottle to hold their treasured perfume. The 19th century also was important scientifically as major constituents of essential oils became isolated.

 

Task 5. Give the English equivalents for the following:

 

апельсин, мускатний горіх, ромашка, сосна, мирт, аїр, вербена, грейпфрут, коріандр, ладан, неролі, лайм, фенхель, лавр, туя, сандал, трояндове дерево, розмарин, полин, мандарин, майоран, ветівер, кардамон, евкаліпт, чайне дерево, цитронела, пачулі, мигдаль, м’ята, мирра, чорнобривці, кориця, меліса, кипарис, неролі, ялівець,оман, жасмин, гісоп, іланг-іланг, деревій, шавлія, троянда, чабрець, імбир, каєпут, материнка, кедр.

 

Task 6. Translate the text into English and answer the questions after it:

 

History of Aromаtherapy

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During the 20th century, the knowledge of separating the constituents of essential oils was used to create synthetic chemicals and drugs. It had been believed that by separating the major constituents and then using the constituents alone or in synthetic form would be beneficial therapeutically and economically. These discoveries helped lead to "modern medicine" and synthetic fragrances. This actually weakened the use of essential oils for medicinal and aromatic benefit.

During the earlier part of the 20th century, a French chemist by the name of René-Maurice Gattefossé became interested in the use of essential oils for their medicinal use. Previously, he focused on the aromatic use of essential oils, but his interest in their medicinal use grew after an accident heightened his curiosity. While working, he burned his arm rather badly. By reflex, he plunged his burned arm into the closest liquid which happened to be a large container of lavender essential oil. The burn he suffered healed quickly and left no scar. Gattefossé is credited with coining the term aromatherapy in 1928 within an article where he supports the use of using essential oils in whole without breaking them down into their primary constituents. In 1937, Gattefossé wrote a book called Aromathérapie: Les Huiles essentielles hormones végétales that was later translated into English and named Gattefossé's Aromatherapy. It is still in print and widely read.

Other highly respected 20th century aromatherapists include Jean Valnet, Madam Marguerite Maury, and Robert B. Tisserand. Jean Valnet is most remembered for his work using essential oils to treat injured soldiers during the war and for his book, The Practice of Aromatherapy, originally entitled Aromathérapie in French. Austrian Madam Marguerite Maury is remembered as a biochemist who avidly studied, practiced and taught the use of aromatherapy for primarily cosmetic benefit. Robert B. Tisserand is an English aromatherapist who is responsible for being one of the first individuals to bring knowledge and education of aromatherapy to English speaking nations. He has written books and articles including the highly respected 1977 publication The Art of Aromatherapy. The Art of Aromatherapy was the first aromatherapy book published in English.

From the late 20th century and on into the 21st century, there is a growing resurgence to utilize more natural products including essential oils for therapeutic, cosmetic and aromatic benefit. The use of essential oils has never ceased, but the scientific revolution minimized the popularity and use of essential oils in one's everyday life. Today's heightened awareness regarding the use of synthetics coupled with the increased availability of aromatherapy information within books and the Internet has refueled the use of essential oils for therapeutic, cosmetic, fragrant and spiritual use.

What happened to René-Maurice Gattefossé while working?

What book did he write?

Under what circumstances did Jean Valnet use essential oils?

How did Madam Marguerite Maury,and Robert B. Tisserand use volatile oils?

Has essential oils use ever ceased?

 

Task 7. Make up dialogues using active vocabulary of the lesson on the topics:

a)“Manners of essential oils use”

b) “Aromаtherapy as an comlpementary way of treatment ”

c) “Aromаtherapy of the 21^st century”

Unit 8.

Meals

Meals

Meals in England are much the same as in other countries with the exception of breakfast. I expect you've heard all about the English breakfast with its porridge or cereal, bacon and eggs, toast, marmalade and tea or coffee. Very few people like chocolate or cocoa for breakfast. In the afternoon about four o'clock or half past nearly everybody has tea. The two main meals of the day, lunch and dinner, are more or less alike. Most people have lunch about one o'clock and dinner at half past seven or later.

Questions:

What is the English breakfast like?

What are the two main meals of the day?

When do the English have lunch (dinner)?

Dinner for Two

Max Roberts is a bachelor. He lives in a small flat in London. Max not only enjoys eating food, he enjoys preparing it as well. His favourite hobby is cooking. He has had so much practice that he has become an expert cook.

His sister, Anne, called on him last Sunday evening. It was nearly dinner time and Max was in the kitchen. He was wearing an apron and preparing a meal.

"You will stay to dinner, of course", Max said. "I'm starving!" Ann said. "Is there enough food for both of us?" "I hope so," Max answered. Anne lifted the lid of the saucepan. "Mm", she said. "It smells delicious. What is it?" "It's a Mexican dish", Max answered. "But this dish ought to be good. I've been preparing it for 5 hours". "There's enough food here for ten people!"Anne said as she looked into the saucepan. "Are you expecting company?" "No", Max replied. "I was going to eat it all myself".

Questions:

Where does Max live?

What is Max's favourite hobby?

When did his sister call on him?

Where was Max at the time?

What was Max doing when his sister called?

What sort of dish was Max preparing?

Why did his sister ask him if he was expecting company?

An Unwelcome Visitor

The door bell rang. Mrs Carson opened the front door. Her heart sank when she saw Mrs Barbidge. Whenever Mrs Barbidge called she stayed for hours and hours.

"Good afternoon, Mrs Carson", Mrs Barbidge said. "I was just passing and thought I'd drop in to say hullo".

"How very thoughtful of you", Mrs Carson replied. "Do come in."

Just as Mrs Carson had feared Mrs Barbidge stayed for several hours. It was nearly six o'clock and Mr Carson would be home from work soon. He couldn't stand Mrs Barbidge. Mrs Carson kept wondering how she could persuade Mrs Barbidge to leave without offending her.

"Has your husband got home from work yet?" Mrs Carson asked. "Oh, yes," Mrs Barbidge answered. "He always gets home about 5 o'clock". "It's nearly 6 o'clock. Won't he be getting worried about you?" Mrs Carson said.

"I thought of that," Mrs Barbidge said. "But it's so pleasant here. We've had such a lovely afternoon. You know what I'll do? I'll ring up my husband and tell him to come round too. May I use your phone, please?"

Questions:

Why was Mrs Carson disappointed when Mrs Barbidge called?

When does Mr Carson come from work?

How does Mr Carson feel about Mrs Barbidge?

How did Mrs Carson try to get Mrs Barbidge to leave?

Why did Mrs Barbidge decide to telephone her husband?

It’s interesting to know

1. You'll find restaurants for every situation in the US. If you are in a hurry, you may just want to grab some "junk food" at a grocery store or a candy counter, or you can get a bite to eat at one of the many fast food chains, like McDonald's, Burger King, Kentucky Fried Chicken, or Taco Time. Or you can get a hero or submarine sandwich "to stay" or "to go" from a sandwich shop or deli. Some of these places have tables, but many don't. People eat in their cars or take their food home, to their offices or to parks. If you prefer sitting down but still don't want to spend much, you can try a cafeteria. At all of these places, you pay at a cash register before you sit down, and you don't have to tip anybody — but you usually have to clear the table when you finish!

Glossary

candy п.: very sweet sugary food

deli п.: short for delicatessen, a shop where you can buy salads and cooked meats and have sandwiches made

junk food п.: snack foods that are not good for you

2. I'm a terrible cook. I've tried hard but it's no use. I've got lots of cookery books, I choose a dish I want to cook, I read the recipe, I prepare all the necessary ingredients and follow the instructions. But the result is terrible, and I just have a sandwich or some other quick snack. So I often eat out. I don't like grand restaurants. It's not the expense, it's just that I don't feel at ease in them. First the waiter gives me a menu which I can't understand because it's complicated and has lots of foreign words. At the end of the meal when I pay the bill I never know how much to leave as a tip. I prefer fast food places, like hamburger shops where you pay at once and sit down and eat straight away. And I like take-away places, where you buy a meal in a special container and take it home.

3. Maureen often gives dinner parties at home. She loves entertaining. She lays the table: puts the cutlery in the right places, sets out the plates and puts a clean white napkin at each place. For the meal itself, she usually gives her guests some kind of starter first, for example soup or melon. Next comes the main course which is usually meat (unless some of her guests are vegetarians or they're on a special diet) with a side-dish of salad. For dessert it's usually fruit or ice-cream and then coffee. When everyone has gone home, she must think about doing the washing up, as in the kitchen the sink is full of dirty cutlery.

Active Vocabulary

 

cereal	хлібний, зерновий
apron	фартух
to starve	вмирати з голоду
lid	кришка
to drop in	зайти