The Greek word biblia, from which the word Bible is

derived, simply means "the books."

 

1. The Bible is a collection of books. Both Christians and Jews take

their doctrines from these books.

2. These books were written over a period of more than one

thousand years. During that time, numerous authors contributed

their own styles and perspectives.

3. The Old Testament is the longer of the Bible's two sections.

Judaism is based on the Old Testament.

4. According to the Bible, God's revelation to Moses included 10

commandments. Most Western legal codes are founded on the

commandments.

5. The New Testament has twenty-seven writings completed

during the first century A. D. Christianity derives its teachings

from the New Testament.

6. Its gospels, revelations, and letters were written by many

authors. We get a variety of perspectives on the life and

teachings of Jesus from these authors.

 

Exercise 54: Review of Adjective Clauses

Combine the following sentences by using which, whose, or that.

Form adjective clauses from the second sentence in each pair.

Omit or change words and add commas when necessary.

Christianity

1. The name Christianity was not used during the lifetime of Jesus.

The name Christianity includes all Christian sects.

2. Jesus is the Greek name for Joshua. Joshua means "Jehovah is

salvation" in Hebrew.

3. Christ comes from a Greek word. The Greek word means "messiah"

or "anointed one."

4. Christ was a name. The people of Antioch, Syria, gave the name

to Jesus.

5. The ending -ian was added to Christ. Ian comes from Latin.

6. The name Christian appeared in later portions of the New

Testament. Christian was soon adopted by the followers of

Jesus.

7. Many words in Christianity come from Greek. The Romans used

Greek as the common language of their empire.

8. The great missionary St. Paul wrote in Greek. Saint Paul's thirteen

letters are an important part of the New Testament.

 

Exercise 55: Review of Adjective Clauses

Combine the following sentences by using who, which, whose, that, or when.

Form adjective clauses from the second sentence in each pair.

Omit or change words when necessary and pay close attention to punctuation.

Christianity Today

1. Christianity has three major branches: Roman Catholic,

Eastern Orthodox, and Protestant. Christianity has over one

billion followers.

2. The largest group is the Roman Catholic church. The Roman

Catholic church is headed by the pope, the bishop of Rome.

3. The sources of Christianity's three major branches were two

historic movements. The attempts of these movements to make

reforms divided the Roman Catholic church.

4. The first branch, Eastern Orthodox, dates from 1054. The

"great schism" occurred between East and West (Greek and

Latin Christianity) in 1054.

5. Actually, differences had begun centuries before 1054. These

differences centered around authority and control.

6. The second branch developed from a sixteenth-century

movement. The movement is called the Reformation.

7. The Reformation began as a protest against some Roman

Catholic practices. The result of the Reformation was Protestantism.

 

Exercise 56:

In the following sentences, change the adjective clauses to appositive phrases.

The Koran

Example:The Koran, which is the sacred book of the Muslims, is

viewed as a perfect revelation from God.

The Koran, the sacred book of the Muslims, is viewed

As a perfect revelation from God.

 

1. The Koran, which is the foundation of Islam, takes its name

from the Arabic verb "recite."

2. The whole book, which is the length of the Christian New

Testament, is memorized by many Muslims.

3. Those who memorize the Koran earn a special title, which is

"Hafiz."

4. The first chapter, which is Sura 1, is the most common prayer

among Muslims.

5. The rest of the Koran, which is 114 more chapters (suras), is

arranged according to length.

6. Worship, which is a way of life in Islam, is not separate from

work or any other aspect of daily life.

 

Exercise 57:

Locate the appositive or participial phrase in each of the following sentences.

Then expand the sentences by changing the phrases to adjective clauses.

Example:Modern science owes a tremendous debt to the Islamic

Empire, the center of Western learning from the ninth

to the fourteenth centuries.

Modern science owes a tremendous debt to the

Islamic Empire, which was the center of Western

Learning from the ninth to the fourteenth centuries.

1. Islam has given us the knowledge of Greek science, preserved

and developed by the Muslims.

2. Much of Islam's scientific development was done at Baghdad,

the capital of the Islamic Empire.

3. Caliph Ma'mum, ruler from 813 to 833, created the "House of

Wisdom."

4. The House of Wisdom, including a library, a translation

bureau, and a school, was a sophisticated center of learning.

5. At the House of Wisdom, scholars studied Greek, Persian,

and Indian scientific works translated into Arabic.

6. Scientists studying ancient Greek manuscripts developed the

foundations for modern medicine.

7. Muslim scientists experimenting with a variety of laboratory

techniques developed the foundation for modern chemistry.

8. In mathematics, Muslims gave us three extremely important

ideas: the use of numerals, the decimal system, and the concept

of zero.

 

Exercise 58:

Answer the following questions in your own words.

Use noun clauses after learn, realize, know, regret, and believe.

 

1. What have you learned about people in general during this

class?

2. What are the three most important things about other cultures

that you have learned during this class?

3. What have you realized about your own culture?

4. What are five new things that you now know about English?

5. Is there anything that you regret about your work in English?

6. What do you believe is the most valuable thing about your

experience here?

 

Exercise 59: Review of Clauses, Phrases, and Transitions

Individually, in pairs, or in small groups, combine the following

sentences. Use appropriate subordinating or coordinating conjunctions,

transitions, or phrases. Many variations are possible;

above all, try to vary your sentence structures and to eliminate

unnecessary words.

How Can People Learn Best?

1. The greatest puzzle of education is a question.

How can a child learn best?

2. People everywhere agree on an idea.

Education is important.

Few people agree on something.

How should we provide education?

3. Does a child learn well in these ways?

Information is taught by practice.

Information is taught by repetition.

Information is taught by memorization.

4. Does a child learn better in other ways?

The teacher stimulates the child's curiosity.

The teacher makes learning fun.

The teacher makes learning pleasant.

5. Are there certain subjects?

These subjects must be memorized.

These include the alphabet and numbers.

These include the rules of spelling.

These include the multiplication tables.

6. Memorization is a part of education.

Repetitive drill is a part of education.

7. Does this mean something?

Can most learning be taught in that way?

Should most learning be taught in that way?

8. Should learning be fun for the student?

Is schooling very hard work?

The student must be forced to do it.

On Your Own In pairs or in small groups, discuss the questions

raised in Exercise B. What are your opinions on the best ways to

study and to learn? After you have finished your discussion, choose

one member to give a brief summary for the entire class. Be sure

to use reported speech in your summary

Exercise 60: Review of Clauses, Phrases, and Transitions

What is your reaction to the following quotation?

Think about your own educational experience and use your ideas to complete the

sentences to form a short paragraph. Then present it to the class.

"I am always ready to learn, but I am not always ready to be

taught."—Winston Churchill

 

a. I agree / disagree with Churchill's idea because....

b. I believe that....

c. I remember a time when....

d. While I was....

e. After I had....

f. As a result....

g. If I hadn't

h. Nevertheless....

On Your Own Organize a debate on the merits of education and

experience. Let half the class argue in favor of education and the

other half in favor of experience. If you want, have your debate

center on the process of language learning: Can you really learn

a language in a classroom? Without a class and a teacher, do people

have enough discipline to learn a language well?

 

Exercise 61:

The following quotes are students' responses to various questions.

Change each quote to reported speech.

Make all necessary changes in verb tenses.

Example: "I have really, really learned a lot here."—Noriko,

female, Japan