The court system of the Russian Federation

TEXT 1

THE COURT SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

1. Выпишите в свой словарик с транскрипцией и переведите следующие слова специальной направленности. Укажите, к какой части речи относится каждая группа слов, выделите характерные словообразовательные элементы представленных частей речи. Найдите и подчеркните данные слова в тексте. Отработайте чтение этих слов.

Judicial, constitutional, federal, civil, administrative, criminal, autonomous, district, military,

authority, judge, juror, court, procedure, law, the administration of justice, lay judge, arbitrator, body, proceeding, ad hoc court, establishment, justice of the peace, constituent entity, general jurisdiction, the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Arbitrage Court.

to exercise, to execute, to attract, to establish, to take upon oneself, to administer, to envisage, to permit, to constitute

solely, in the person of, in accordance with.

 

Найдите в тексте причастия II. Назовите их функцию в предложении (определение, обстоятельство, часть составного глагольного сказуемого). Переведите предложения с ними.

 

Определите и укажите время и залог выделенных сказуемых, переведите их, учитывая временную отнесенность.

4. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:

1. What is judicial authority in the Russian Federation exercised by?

2. Shall any other bodies or persons besides judges and jurors, lay judges and arbitrators have the right to take upon themselves the administration of justice?

3. What shall justice in the Russian Federation be administered solely by?

4. Shall the establishment of ad hoc courts and courts not envisaged by the Federal Constitutional Law be permitted?

5. What constitutes the court system of the Russian Federation?

6. What do federal courts consist of?

7. What constitutes the system of federal courts of general jurisdiction?

8. What constitutes the system of federal arbitrage courts?

 

Переведите текст, пользуясь словарем. Отработайте чтение текста.

 

6. Передайте содержание текста на русском языке.

*7. Перескажите текст на английском языке.

THE COURT SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Judicial authority in the Russian Federation is exercised only by courts, in the person of judges and jurors attracted in accordance with the procedure established by law for the administration of justice, and lay judges and arbitrators. No other bodies or persons shall have the right to take upon themselves the administration of justice. Judicial authority is executed by way of constitutional, civil, administrative and criminal court proceedings.

Justice in the Russian Federation shall be administered solely by courts founded in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and this Federal Constitutional Law. The establishment of ad hoc courts and courts not envisaged by this Federal Constitutional Law shall not be permitted.

The Russian Federation shall have federal courts, constitutional courts and justices of the peace of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which constitute the court system of the Russian Federation.

Federal courts shall consist of:

- the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation;

- the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, supreme courts of republics, courts of regions and territories, courts of the autonomous regions, district courts, military and specialized courts, which constitute the system of federal courts of general jurisdiction;

- the Supreme Arbitrage Court of the Russian Federation, federal arbitrage courts of the courts of regions, arbitrage courts of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which constitute the system of federal arbitrage courts.

TEXT 2

JUDICIAL SYSTEM IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

1. Выпишите в свой словарик с транскрипцией и переведите следующие слова специальной направленности. Укажите, к какой части речи относится каждая группа слов, выделите характерные словообразовательные элементы представленных частей речи. Найдите и подчеркните данные слова в тексте. Отработайте чтение этих слов.

Incomprehensible, comprehensive, sovereign, criminal (court), (civil) court, special, minor, serious,

competence, authority, validity, statute, tribunal, labor, dispute, injury compensation, court of first instance, case, offence, higher court, trial, murder, rape, arson, robbery, fraud, appeal against, matter,

to differ from, to question, to interpret, to divide into, to involve, to refer, to exist, to try cases, to consist, subdivision.

 

Найдите в тексте и переведите инфинитивы.

Обратите внимание, показателем инфинитива является частица to (не путайте с предлогом to, который употребляется с существительным). После модальных глаголов тоже употребляется инфинитив, но без частицы to.

Найдите в тексте следующие причастия. Назовите их (причастие I / причастие II). Переведите предложения с ними.

Regulating, written, dealing, involving, armed.

 

Определите и укажите время и залог выделенных сказуемых, переведите их, учитывая временную отнесенность.

5. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:

1. What is the structure of the court system in Britain?

2. Is there is any comprehensive law regulating the organization and competence of the courts?

3. Does the court system in Scotland and in Northern Ireland differ from that of England and Wales?

4. Why is there no constitutional court in Great Britain?

5. Why do the courts not question the authority of the constitutional validity of the statutes?

6. What are the courts in Great Britain divided into?

7. What are industrial tribunals dealing with?

8. What cases begin and end in Magistrates' Courts?

9. Where do cases involving serious offences normally start?

10. What cases do Crown Courts try?

11. What does the High Court of Justice consist of?

12. What forms the Supreme Court of Judicature?

13. What is the highest court in Britain?

14. What kind of courts is the House of Lords?

 

JUDICIAL SYSTEM IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

The structure of the court system in Britain is many-layered and almost incomprehensible. There is no comprehensive law regulating the organization and competence of the courts. The court system in Scotland and also in Northern Ireland differs some what from that of England and Wales. There is no written constitution, hence no constitutional court in Great Britain. Parliament is sovereign. So, the courts cannot question the authority of the constitutional validity of the statutes; they can only interpret them.

The courts in Great Britain are divided into two large groups: criminal courts and civil courts. Besides, there are many special tribunals, for example, industrial tribunals dealing with labor disputes and industrial injury compensation.

Criminal courts are Magistrates' Courts and Crown Courts. Magistrates' Courts are the courts of first instance. Cases involving minor offences begin and end there. Cases involving more serious offences normally start in Magistrates' Courts before being referred to higher courts - Crown Courts - for trial. Crown Courts have existed only since 1972. They try serious cases such as murder, rape, arson, armed robbery, fraud, and so on.

Civil courts include county courts as the courts of first instance, and the High Court as a higher court.

The High Court of Justice consists of three separate subdivisions: the Queen's Bench Division, the Chancery Division and the Family Division.

Appeals against decisions of the High Court and the Crown Court may be taken to the Court of Appeal with its Criminal and Civil divisions. The Crown Court, the High Court of Justice and the Court of Appeal form the Supreme Court of Judicature.

The highest court in the country is the House of Lords. It is the biggest court of appeal in civil matters for the whole of the United Kingdom and the final court of appeal in criminal cases. The President of the House of Lords as a court is the Lord Chancellor.

TEXT 3

THE COURT SYSTEM OF THE USA

1. Выпишите в свой словарик с транскрипцией и переведите следующие слова специальной направленности. Укажите, к какой части речи относится каждая группа слов, выделите характерные словообразовательные элементы представленных частей речи. Найдите и подчеркните данные слова в тексте. Отработайте чтение этих слов.

Article, powers, court of appeal, circuit court, district court, law, state, legislature, administrative action, issue, justice, nomination, senator, behavior, impeachment, decision, income, tax,

to derive, to include, to establish, to perform, to interpret, to determine, to pass, to violate, to exist, to resolve, to check, to balance, to nominate, to follow, to serve, to remove (from office), to involve, to overturn, to fill (vacancies), to overturn, to amend, to rule,

national, significant, important, unconstitutional,

usually, successfully, deliberately, whether.

 

2. Назовите, какое грамматическое явление представлено следующими примерами:

First, they, second, can, in checking and balancing, the president's (party), fewer (than 20 times).

 

THE COURT SYSTEM OF THE USA

The federal court system derives its powers from Article III of the Constitution. The system includes the Supreme Court of the United States, established by the Constitution; and 12 courts of appeal (sometimes called circuit courts), 91 district courts, and special courts such as the Tax Court, the Claims Court, and the Court of Veterans' Appeals, all established by Congress.

The federal courts perform two constitutional functions. First, they interpret the meaning of laws and administrative regulations; this is known as statutory construction. Second, the courts determine whether any law passed by Congress or state legislatures, or any administrative action taken by the national or state executive branches, violates the U.S. Constitution; this is known as judicial review. Federal courts can declare null and void laws or actions, at the national and state levels, that violate the Constitution. This power of judicial review exists in a few other nations, but in none is it so significant in resolving important issues or in checking and balancing branches of government.

The nine justices of the Supreme Court and the other federal judges are nominated by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate. The president, in making district court nominations, usually follows the recommendations of senators from the president's party. All federal judges and justices of the Supreme Court serve on good behavior for life. They may be removed from office only through the process of impeachment, which has been used fewer than 20 times, and never successfully against a Supreme Court justice.

Decisions of the Supreme Court that involve the statutory construction of laws may be overturned by Congress. Decisions involving judicial review may be checked and balanced in either of two ways. The president and Senate may deliberately fill vacancies on the Supreme Court with new justices who can be expected to overturn the decision; or the Constitution can be amended, as was the case after the Supreme Court ruled income tax unconstitutional.

 

 

TEXT 4

THE COURT SYSTEM OF CANADA

1. Выпишите в свой словарик с транскрипцией и переведите следующие слова специальной направленности. Укажите, к какой части речи относится каждая группа слов, выделите характерные словообразовательные элементы представленных частей речи. Найдите и подчеркните данные слова в тексте. Отработайте чтение этих слов.

Legal, federal, provincial, territorial, exclusive, civil, criminal, responsible for, intricate, typical of, legal, appellate

superiority, jurisdiction, administration of justice, matter, immigration, province, hierarchy, authority, ruling, duty, hearing, reference,

to separate, to differ, to legislate, to appeal to, to hear (cases), to concern with, to appoint, to pay for, to interweave, to bind, to create, to review, to deliver, to raise,

eventually, truly, currently,

generally speaking, on occasion.

 

THE COURT SYSTEM OF CANADA

Court system of Canada is made up of many courts differing in levels of legal superiority and separated by jurisdiction. Some of the courts are federal in nature while others are provincial or territorial.

The Canadian constitution gives the federal government the exclusive right to legislate criminal law while the provinces have exclusive control over civil law. The provinces have jurisdiction over the administration of justice in their territory. Almost all cases, whether criminal or civil, start in provincial courts and may be eventually appealed to higher level courts. The quite small system of federal courts only hear cases concerned with matters which are under exclusive federal control, such as immigration. The federal government appoints and pays for both the judges of the federal courts and the judges of the superior-level court of each province. The provincial governments are responsible for appointing judges of the lower provincial ("inferior-level") courts.

This intricate interweaving of federal and provincial powers is typical of the Canadian constitution.

Very generally speaking, Canada's court system is a four-level hierarchy as shown below from highest to lowest in terms of legal authority. Each court is bound by the rulings of the courts above them; however, they are not bound by their own past rulings or the rulings of other courts at the same level in the hierarchy.

Although created by an Act of Canada's Parliament in 1875, its decisions could be reviewed by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council until 1949 when the Supreme Court of Canada truly became the final and highest court in the country. The court currently consists of nine justices, which include the Chief Justice of Canada, and its duties include hearing appeals of decisions from the appellate courts and, on occasion, delivering references (i.e. the court's opinion) on constitutional questions raised by the federal government. By law, three of the nine justices are appointed from Quebec; because of Quebec's use of civil law.

TEXT 5

TEXT 1

THE COURT SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

1. Выпишите в свой словарик с транскрипцией и переведите следующие слова специальной направленности. Укажите, к какой части речи относится каждая группа слов, выделите характерные словообразовательные элементы представленных частей речи. Найдите и подчеркните данные слова в тексте. Отработайте чтение этих слов.

Judicial, constitutional, federal, civil, administrative, criminal, autonomous, district, military,

authority, judge, juror, court, procedure, law, the administration of justice, lay judge, arbitrator, body, proceeding, ad hoc court, establishment, justice of the peace, constituent entity, general jurisdiction, the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Arbitrage Court.

to exercise, to execute, to attract, to establish, to take upon oneself, to administer, to envisage, to permit, to constitute

solely, in the person of, in accordance with.