Инфинитив ( the Infinitive )

Инфинитив – это неличная форма глагола, которая только указывает на действие, но не обозначает ни лица, ни числа. Инфинитив соответствует в русском языке неопределенной форме глагола, которая отвечает на вопрос что делать?

что сделать? Например: to read, to write. Формальным признаком инфинитива в английском языке служит частица to.

В английском языке инфинитив имеет шесть форм:

		Действитель-ный залог	Страдатель-ный залог
Неопределен-ный   Длительный	Выражают действия, одновременные с действиями глагола-сказуемого	To ask   To be asking	To be asked   -
Завершенный   Завершенный длительный	Выражают действия, предшествующие действиям глагола-сказуемого	To have asked   To have been asking	To have been asked -

 

 

Инфинитив в предложении может быть:

1. Подлежащим – To drive a car is interesting. – Водить машину интересно.

2. Обстоятельством цели – I study English to speak with English people. – Я изучаю английский язык, чтобы разговаривать с англичанами.

3. Частью именного сказуемого – The task of the laboratory assistant was to demonstrate the films. – Задачей лаборанта было показывать фильмы.

4. Частью составного глагольного сказуемого, если он стоит после модальных глаголов и после глаголов, которые в данном случае без инфинитива не имеют самостоятельного значения: to begin, to continue, to like, to want, to try, to hope, to decide – They must do it at once.– Они должны сделать это немедленно.

       I hope to see them tomorrow. – Я надеюсь увидеть их

       завтра.

5. Определением, при этом он всегда отвечает на вопрос какой? и стоит после определяемого существительного. На русский язык инфинитив в функции определения переводится существительным, неопределенной формой глагола или определительным придаточным предложением с союзом который часто с использованием слов надо, следует, должен, причем сказуемое в этом придаточном предложении выражает долженствование или будущее время. – The conference to be opened in Moscow will be of great interest to the foreign scientists. – Конференция, которая будет проходить в Москве, будет представлять большой интерес для иностранных учёных.

Кроме того, инфинитив в функции определения может стоять после порядковых числительных the first, the second, the third, … the last и переводится глаголом в личной форме в том же времени, в котором стоит глагол to be, или придаточным предложением с союзом что, кто, который. – He is always the first to come to the institute. – Он всегда первым приходит в институт.

Проверочные задания на тему «Инфинитив»

Задание 19. Сравните предложения. Определите, является ли инфинитив подлежащим или обстоятельством цели, и переведите предложения.

To prove any statement is a very difficult task.   To prove any statement it is necessary to make experiments and observations.

Доказать утверждение – это очень сложная задача.   Чтобы доказать любое утверждение, необходимо провести эксперименты и наблюдения.

 

1. To develop national economy is the main task of the government.

To develop national economy people have to use natural   resources of the country most efficiently.

2. To conduct an electric current we need a source of power.

To conduct an electric current is to transmit electrons.

3. To analyze the effect in question is to consider all the elements of the circuit.

To analyze the effect in question it is necessary to consider

  all the elements of the circuit.

 

Задание 20. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив в функции подлежащего и обстоятельства цели.

1. To study much is to learn much.

2. To measure temperature it is necessary to choose some kind of temperature scale.

3. To include this material into the report one must first discuss it.

4. To observe is the primary rule of any experiment.

5. To magnetize a body requires some energy.

6. A galvanometer is a sensitive instrument which is used

to detect and measure small electrical currents.

7. In order to build a power plant it is necessary to have planning permission.

 

Задание 21. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив в функции части сказуемого.

1. We shall translate this article.

2. Do you know that man?

3. The only way to solve the problem is to make some experiments.

4. Gas turbines can be started within minutes, while steam plants may require hours to be put into operation.

5. The government decided to develop this branch of industry.

 

Задание 22. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив в функции определения.

 

The professor to deliver a lecture is an outstanding scientist.     The problem to be dealt with is very essential.   Lodygin was the first to use an incandescent lamp for lighting purposes.

Профессор, который будет читать лекцию, – это выдающийся учёный.   Проблема, которую необходимо рассмотреть, очень важна. Лодыгин   был   первым,   кто использовал лампу накаливания   для осветительных    целей.

 

1. The generator is a device to change mechanical energy into

electric energy.

2. Substances to resist the flow of current are termed

insulators.

3. This report includes all the data to be discussed.

4. The phenomena to be studied are of special significance.

5. Copper is the metal to be used as an electric conductor.

6. The hydropower station to be constructed in this region

will be one of the largest stations in the world.

7. The useful work to be done by a machine is less than

the total work to be performed by it.

8. Our Russian scientist Petrov was the first to prove that  

metals can be charged by friction.

9. You will be the last to answer at the exam.

  10.  There was nobody to help them.

 

Задание 23. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на форму инфинитива.

1. He is glad to be working with his friend now. (работать)

2. He was happy to be taking part in that team task. (принимать участие)

3. They want to be shown these new devices. (чтобы им показали)

4. He is delighted to have completed the work in time. (что закончил)

5. He was sorry to have ignored the warning signs. (что проигнорировал)

6. He was pleased to have been invited to take part in

the contest. (что его пригласили)

Задание 24. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление инфинитива.

1. We boil water to produce steam.

2. To reduce the power losses thick wires should be used.

3. To find the mass of gas we must know its volume, its pressure and its temperature.

4. Various switches are used to open or to close a circuit.

5. It took Newton about 20 years to complete his theory of gravitation.

6. In physics energy is defined as the capacity to do work.

7. Various installations were used in order to transform electric power into mechanical, heat and chemical power.

8. Alternating current (a.c.) can be increased or decreased to meet industrial requirements.

9. To be widely used it took 80 years for the steam engine, for the airplane 20 years, for the telephone half a century but for transistor technologies 3 years.

10. It was not easy for Newton to carry on scientific work at that time.

 

Задание 25. Употребите инфинитив в нужной форме.

1. The laser beam can … (to burn) holes in steel plates.

2. Hydropower stations use water power … (to turn) the machines for generating electricity.

3. Here is the instrument … (to test).

4. A switch is a device … (to break) or … (to close) the circuit.

5. The bad result may … (to explain) by inefficient work and lack of the experience.

6. James Chadwick was the first …(to discover) the neutron.

7. He wants … (to send) to Moscow.

8. He is glad … (to work) with these partners now.

9. The manager is satisfied … (to send) these specialists to the conference last week.

10. She was glad … (to send) to Moscow last month.

 

Задание 26. Обратите внимание на употребление различных форм инфинитива с модальными глаголами must, may (might) и should.

Steve must be writing a test now.   He may (might) be having a rest now.	Должно быть (наверное), он пишет тест сейчас. Возможно (может быть), он сейчас отдыхает.
This scientist must have travelled a lot.   He may (might) have read this article carelessly.   You should have written the summary of that article long ago.	Должно быть (наверное), этот учёный много путешествовал. Возможно (может быть), он невнимательно прочитал эту статью. Тебе давно следовало написать резюме той статьи.

 

 

Переведите предложения.

1. You must be joking.

2. The teacher may be looking through the papers now.

3. They might be skiing somewhere in Switzerland.

4. He must have had little practice.

5. It’s eight o’clock. He must have arrived at the airport.

6. He may have misunderstood you.

7. He might have tried to get in touch with you but he didn’t manage to.

8. He should have warned you about his arrival.

9. You shouldn’t have explained everything to him.

10. You should have checked the readings of this meter long

ago.

                          

Инфинитивные обороты.

Субъектный инфинитивный оборот (сложное подлежащее)
(Subjective Infinitive Construction/Complex Subject)

Инфинитив в предложении может входить в состав оборота сложное подлежащее, который состоит из подлежащего и относящегося к нему инфинитива, между которыми стоит сказуемое, чаще всего, в страдательном залоге. Перевод такого предложения начинается со сказуемого, которое переводится безличным предложением (например: говорят, известно и т.д.), далее следует союз что, подлежащее, а затем инфинитив, который переводится в личной форме:

 

The railway transport is considered to be the best means of communication. Считается, что железнодорожный транспорт – это лучшее средство связи.

 

Сказуемое в инфинитивном обороте сложное подлежащее стоит в активном залоге, если оно выражено глаголами:

to seem – казаться

to prove – оказываться

to appear – казаться

to happen – случаться, оказываться

to be likely – возможно, вероятно

to be sure, to be certain – несомненно, наверняка

 

Проверочные задания на тему «Инфинитив и сложное подлежащее»

Задание 27. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на оборот Complex Subject.

1. All bodies are known to possess weight.

2. Coal is considered to be a valuable fuel.

3. The plant is supposed to increase its production.

4. Electronics is considered to include nearly all electrical phenomena.

5. The carbon content in steel is assumed not to exceed standard values.

6. The atom is considered to be a mighty force that can be used for the good of mankind.

7. The output of machinery is known to be steadily increasing all over the world.

8. The lathe is considered to be the most important machine tool.

9. In some countries the nuclear power plants are believed to produce about 80 per cent of the whole amount of energy.

10. The most important problems in atomic power generation are known to be concerned with the reactor.

11. The new invention is expected to produce great changes in industry.

12. Glass seems to conduct so little current that it is hardly measurable.

13. This discovery proved to be of special value for the development of electronics.

14. The milling machine appears to be the most universal machine tool.

15. I happened to meet some of our students in the lab.

16. Lomonosov and Rihman happened to work at the same time.

17. These students are likely to take part in this discussion as the main problem to be discussed is on their speciality.

18. He is sure to come in time. He will be the first to make a report.

19. He is certain to make a good presentation at the conference for he read a lot of technical journals while preparing for it.

20. The student is certain to know that alternating voltage can be increased and decreased.

 

Задание 28. Перефразируйте предложения, используя оборот Complex Subject и переведите.

It seems that these equations are rather complicated.

These equations seem to be rather complicated.

1. It is known that every battery possesses two terminals.

2. It is considered that ebonite, rubber and glass are good insulators.

3. It is expected that nuclear plants are located away from urban areas.

4. It turns out that this metal is very brittle.

5. It seems that the most efficient semiconductors are silicon and germanium.

6. It is unlikely that the weather will change tomorrow.

7. It is certain that they will achieve good results if the employ new techniques.

 

Задание  29. Переведите предложения, выбрав правильный вариант ответа. Обратите внимание на различные формы инфинитива.

1. The company is reported to utilize lignite and gas for electricity generation.

a) сообщают, использовала

b) сообщают, использует

2. The motor was believed to be replaced by another one.

a) полагали, заменят

b) полагали, заменили

3. He is supposed to be working for an engineering firm at present.

a) предполагали, работал

b) предполагают, работает

4. He is said to have graduated from the University.

a) говорят, закончил

b) говорят, заканчивает

5. The capacity of generating units was said to have been doubled.

a) говорят, удвоена

b) говорили, была удвоена

 

Задание 30. Употребите необходимую форму инфинитива в обороте Complex Subject и переведите предложения.

1. Communication is supposed … (to have) no limits nowadays.

2. This problem is sure … (to solve) in the nearest future.

3. One of the students is said … (to conduct) research work now.

4. They are sure … (to send) to some construction site after the session for practice.

5. The study of different substances at low temperatures is said … (to find out) many interesting phenomena lately.

6. The design of this motor appears … (to publish) in the latest issue of that magazine.

7. He was seen … (to arrive) to work early.

8. Faraday is known … (to measure) the electric current for the first time in the world.

9. This device is expected … (to come) into universal application.

10. The use of underground transmission lines is known … (to increase) lately.

Объектный инфинитивный оборот (сложное дополнение)
 (Objective Infinitive Construction/Complex Object)

Инфинитив может входить в состав оборота сложное дополнение, состоящего из существительного (или местоимения в объектном падеже) и инфинитива. На русский язык этот оборот переводится придаточным предложением, которое присоединяется к главному с помощью союзов что, чтобы, как, причем местоимение в объектном падеже переводится на русский язык личным местоимением в именительном падеже. Например:

me – я

you – ты, вы

her – она

him – он

it – он, она, оно

us – мы

them – они

 

We expect the railways to connect all parts of Russia. Мы ожидаем, что железные дороги соединят все регионы России.

 

Инфинитив в обороте сложное дополнение употребляется без частицыto, если оборот стоит после глаголов, выражающих восприятие посредством органов чувств, а также после глаголов to make в значении заставлять и to let позволять, разрешать:

to see – видеть

to watch – смотреть, наблюдать

to observe – наблюдать

to notice – замечать

to hear – слышать

to feel – чувствовать

 

I saw him cross the street. Я видел, что он перешёл улицу.   She made me revise the material. Она заставила меня повторить материал.

Проверочные задания на тему «Инфинитив и сложное дополнение»

Задание 31. Сравните предложения и укажите оборот Complex Object и переведите.

1. I want to explain the theory to him.

       I want you to explain the theory to him.

2. She would like to read now.

       She would like him to read now.

3. We heard the latest news over the radio.

       We heard this scientist speak over the radio.

 

Задание 32. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на оборот Complex Object.

1. The professor wants us to turn our attention to the problem of semiconductors.

2. We know the electric cell to be a device which is used for converting chemical energy into electrical energy.

3. The members of the conference found this theory to be highly valuable.

4. We know isotopes to possess the property of radiation.

5. The induced voltage causes the current to flow and the rotor to revolve.

6. We consider this instrument to be useful for different purposes.

7. We know the strength of the current to depend on the resistance of the circuit.

8. We may expect a short circuit to result from wire fault.

9. I heard the door open and saw my friend come into the room.

10. I watched the water boil.

11. The students noticed the thermometer mercury fall to the fixed point.

12. He made us wait for two hours.

13. I’d like him to enter the university but I can’t make him do it.

14. Please let me know the results of your exam as soon as possible.

15. If you want us to make the work quickly, you should let us start at once.

 

Задание 33. Перефразируйте предложения, используя оборот Complex Object.

I find that your story is very interesting.

I find your story to be very interesting.

1. We know that our earth revolves around the sun.

2. We expected that the commission would begin work next month.

3. We consider that silver is the best of conducting materials.

4. We know that the electrons flow from the negative terminal of the battery to the positive one.

5. Nobody noticed that he went out.

 

Задание 34. Переведите предложения, выбрав правильный вариант ответа. Обратите внимание на различные формы инфинитива.

1. The reporter does not believe the conclusions to be in good agreement with the data which were presented.

a) полагает, не соответствуют

b) полагал, не соответствовали

2. We expect the materials to be tested at once.

a) ожидали, будут протестированы

b) ожидаем, протестируют

3. We suppose him to be working at this plant now.

a) полагаем, работает

b) полагаем, работал

4. I believe him to have been a very good director.

a) полагаю, был

b) полагал, является

5.   We knew many articles to have already been written on that

subject.

a)  знаем, пишут

b) знали, были написаны

Задание 35. Употребите необходимую форму инфинитива в конструкции Complex Object. Обратите внимание на использование частицы “to” с инфинитивом. Переведите предложения.

1. We expect the discovery … (to produce) great changes.

2. I didn’t hear you … (to come) into the room.

3. I believe him … (to surf) the Internet now.

4. The students saw the liquid … (to change).

5. Scientists all over the world consider Faraday … (to be) one of the greatest inventors.

6. We know Lomonosov … (to pay) particular attention to the development of Russian science.

7. He made me … (to do) it all over again.

8. I let him … (to go) early as he had done his task.

 

Задание 36. Сравните предложения, содержащие оборот Complex Subject и Complex Object, и переведите.

1. Today atoms are known to be neither unchangeable nor  indivisible.

       Today we know atoms to be neither unchangeable nor      indivisible.

2. All energy people use is supposed to come from the sun.

      We suppose all energy people use to come from the sun.

3. The new invention proved to be of great practical importance.

      The scientists proved the new invention to be of great  practical importance.