Then tell the information you found out to another group-mate using discourse markers and connectors from the Appendix.

Situation 2

Student A has just come from any of the Asian / American / African / European country.

Student B asks him among others the following questions:

· what climate this country has;

· what weather they had during their journey;

· if such weather is typical for that country;

· if the weather / climate of this country differs from climate in Russia and if yes – how;

· what climate she / he prefers and why.

Then tell the information you found out to another group-mate using discourse markers and connectors from the Appendix.

Natural Disasters

Read the text and discuss the questions that follow.

Living on the Edge …

Volcano is a mountain that forces hot gas, rocks, ash, and lava (melted rock) into the air through a hole at the top. Some volcanoes are not immediately dangerous because they are not active and have become dormant. Others will never be dangerous again because they are completely extinct.

During a volcanic eruption, lava, ash, and various gases are expelled from a volcanic vent. One of the earliest recorded disasters was the Vesuvius eruption in 79 AD which buried the Italian city of Pompeii under ash killing an estimated 16,000 people. The most violent eruption of modern times was in Krakatoa, Indonesia, in 1833 when more than 36,000 people were killed and debris was scattered across the Indian Ocean as far away as Madagascar, off the east coast of Africa.

On the ground earthquakes, heavy ash fallout, and lava flows may be the most important aspects of volcanic activity; but in the air, primary feature is the ash cloud. One of the major influences of volcanic ash cloud is the interruption of flight activity.

1. What is volcano?

2. Are all volcanoes dangerous? Why?

3. What is volcanic eruption?

4. What effect can a volcanic eruption have on the local environment?

5. What effect can a volcanic eruption have on flight operations?

Study the information and render it into English.

(http://tinvin.net/_ph/3/930905818.jpg)

Describe the picture using supporting questions.

(http://s.glbimg.com/jo/g1/f/original /2011/06/07/aviao620.jpg)

1. What did the aircraft encounter? 2. When is volcanic ash more dangerous for aircraft: during take-off, flight or landing? Why? 3. What parts of an aircraft are subject to the most serious damage? 4. What should pilots do if they encounter volcanic eruption?

Read some tips for pilots. Prepare to give a pre-flight briefing about measures

A pilot should take in case he encounters volcanic eruption. Organise your ideas and plan what you want to say. Use the linking words and phrases from the Appendix to structure your briefing and present it.

· It is most important to avoid any volcanic ash cloud. Make every effort to remain on the upwind side of the volcano.

· Pilots should not attempt to fly through or climb out of the ash cloud.

· If you see a volcanic eruption and have not been previously notified about it, immediately report it to ATC.

· When landing at an airport where volcanic ash has been deposited, be aware that even a thin layer of dry ash can be destructive to braking action. Wet ash may also be a problem.

· Precautions should be taken to minimize reduction in visibility and ingestion of ash into the engine(s) when landing or taking off from an airport where volcanic ash is present.