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Гражданской авиации (институт)»

Стр 1 из 25Следующая ⇒

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ТРАНСПОРТА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

«УЛЬЯНОВСКОЕ ВЫСШЕЕ АВИАЦИОННОЕ УЧИЛИЩЕ

ГРАЖДАНСКОЙ АВИАЦИИ (ИНСТИТУТ)»

РАЗГОВОРНЫЙ АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Учебно-методическое пособие

Ульяновск 2015

ББК Ш 143.21-9я7

Р 17

Разговорный английский язык: учеб.-метод. пособие / сост. С. А. Бершатцкая, Н. А. Комлева, С. А. Мехоношина, О. С. Скоморохова,. – Ульяновск: УВАУ ГА (И), 2015. – с.

Содержит аутентичные тексты и серию упражнений для развития и закрепления навыков аудирования и говорения.

Предназначено для проведения практических занятий по дисциплине «Разговорный английский язык» с курсантами профилей подготовки 161000.62.08 – Поисковое и аварийно-спасательное обеспечение полетов воздушных судов, 161000.62.09 – Обеспечение авиационной безопасности, 162700.62.04 – Авиатопливное обеспечение воздушных перевозок и авиационных работ, со студентами заочной формы обучения профилей подготовки 161000.62.08 – Поиcковое и аварийно-спасательное обеспечение полетов воздушных судов, 162700.62.04 – Авиатопливное обеспечение воздушных перевозок и авиационных работ, а также для самостоятельной работы авиаспециалистов в процессе дополнительного образования.

Печатается по решению Редсовета института.

Оглавление

Contents

Unit 1. English Speaking World. 3

Unit 2. Aviation Jobs. 17

Unit 3. Health and Medicine. Medical Assistance on Board. 23

Unit 4, Weather, Climate, Natural Disasters. 32

Unit 5. Transport. Travelling. 48

Unit 6. Modern Technology. 58

Bibliography. 64

Appendix. 66

Ó Ульяновское высшее авиационное училище

гражданской авиации (институт), 2015

Unit 1. English speaking world

Parts of Speech

In pairs / groups give examples for each part of speech. Use the words in sentences of your own. Mind the word order.

Ways of Word Formation

What abbreviations are often used for these words or phrases? Think of your own sentences with these abbreviations.

1. for example 4. in other words

2. and so on 5. Mister

3. Street 6. Doctor

Think of the abbreviations used at airports. Give their full forms and use them in sentences of your own.

English as an International Language

In pairs / groups ask at least 3 questions based on the text above. Report to other groups / to the whole class to compare answers.

Recall your history of learning English, from what age, teachers, books, media,

Feelings etc. and tell it to your groupmates.

Think of adjectives describing your opinion / feelings regarding the studying

Different aspects of English language. In pairs describe the process of learning English,

Role-play the situation.

Student A is going to take some language courses to improve his language skills.

Student B asks him among other questions the following ones:

· why he wants to learn foreign languages;

· if he thinks it’s hard and time-consuming;

· what language he is interested in;

· why he is interested in it;

· what courses he wants to attend;

· what his hopes for this course are;

· what prospects / promotion he will have upon graduation.

English Speaking Countries

Role-play the situation.

Student A has never been abroad and at last, he has decided to make a tour around some English speaking countries.

Student B asks him among other questions the following ones:

· where he would like to go;

· what he would like to do / to see there;

· what he knows about this country;

· why he would like to go there.

Say Again, Please

Part I

Forty-six percent of the pilots said that they considered voice communications between non-native English-speaking pilots and native English-speaking controllers “very good in most respects,” but 29 percent said that communications “could use some minor changes,” and 21 percent said that communications were “not good enough for extreme conditions. ”

Even the pilots who characterized communications between the two groups as very good said that they had observed problems.

“It’s been my experience that controllers in New York speak too fast and often get impatient with non-native English-speaking pilots,” the report said quoting observations from the surveyed pilots. “I can tell right away whether the pilot’s ‘getting it’ or not, from the time lag after the controller has given three or four instructions at once and the presence of a big pause before he reads it back.

“I don’t think many controllers have a clue about the level of stress they put the non-native English-speaking pilots under. I know because I’ve been on the other side of the equation (flying into non-native English airspace). We are tired of flying all nights and are feeling the stress of too rapid communication rate, use of slang, non-standard ICAO terms (or no ICAO terms to begin with) and having to deal with all that.”

Pilots who said they considered the communication that they overheard “not good enough for extreme conditions” said their concerns focused on safety issues.

“I have seen some dangerous things purely because of a lack of communication,” one pilot said. “We’ve had near misses, taxiing situations, and clearances for takeoff executed by another airplane”.

Say Again, Please

Part II

As an example, one pilot described an event at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport. “A non-native English-speaking pilot was given taxi instructions and ended up somewhere he wasn’t supposed to be. There was a miscommunication between him and air traffic controller. We became distracted from our own operation because we were trying to figure out where he was (in proximity to us).”

Another pilot observed, “A lot of non-native English-speaking pilots and controllers only learn so many words, and phrases and basically work off a script. … I hear long periods of silence after controllers asks pilots a non-standard idiomatic question in English. When non-native English-speaking pilots get into a non-standard situation, such as the need to deviate around a thunderstorm or a traffic conflict, they cannot adjust.”

The pilots said they based their opinions of non-native English-speaking pilots’ skills with the language on a number of factors, including their comprehension of clearances and other ATC instructions, fluency, verbal interactions with controllers, pronunciation, sentence structure and vocabulary. “Are controllers getting their point across the first time, or are they in a debate with the pilot?” one pilot questioned. “Do controllers have to slow their speech and, instead of giving a whole rapid-fire clearance, give it in pieces?”

“I can tell by how pilots react whether they got it or not. Are they slow to respond, or do they come right back? The worst thing I want to hear after ATC’s given a clearance is silence. If I hear nothing, a long hesitation, a really slow readback, or an incorrect readback, then I know there is a trouble.”

Questions.

1. What do you think is happening?

2. Where might this take place?

3. What are the people in the picture?

4. What are the people in the picture doing?

(http://www.elpacsample.info)

Role-play the situation.

Student A is a pilot who flies internationally.

Student B asks him about the English language in the line of pilots’ work:

· how long he has been flying;

· what flights he performs, domestic or international;

· what language proficiency requirements for those who want to fly internationally are;

· what language skills are the most important for pilots and why;

· what language problems pilots come across in flight;

· what the main threats caused by poor communication are;

· if he had any incidents / accidents caused by poor languge skills.

Introduction to Flight Crew

Plan.

Rebecca

Mark

Charlie

Aged 5

1972

1974

Aged 8

Aged 12

Aged 5

Aged 19

Aged 15

Aged 22

1994

1989

1992

1995

1991

Aged 24

1996

1992

1995

1995–1999

Aged 25

1996

2000

1996

1998

2002

Aged 27

Aged 29

2003

1997–1999

Aged 30

1999

Next year

2000

2001

2002

Role-play the situations.

Situation 1

Student A is a captain with Czech Airways but he would like to work for Pacific International Airlines. He is having an interview with a recruitment manager.

Student B asks him among other questions the following ones:

· how many flying hours he has;

· what aircraft types he is flying;

· what routes he is flying;

· why he would like to work for PIA;

· what his great strengths and weaknesses are;

· what his short- and long-range goals are and how he expects to achieve them.

Situation 2

Student A is an ATCO in Chicago ATC centre.

Student B asks him among other questions the following ones:

· what ATC unit he works for;

· what his responsibibilities are;

· how many aircraft a shift he controls;

· how long his working shift lasts;

· what his great strengths and weaknesses are;

· what his short- and long-range goals are and how he expects to achieve them.

Situation 3

Student A has just returned from a Job Interview. The advertisement asked for someone “accurate, prompt and reliable”, but he doesn’t think he has caused a good impression.

Student B asks him among other questions the following ones:

· what position he applied for;

· what the requirements were;

· what impression to his mind he made.

Aviation Medicine

Just as aircraft are required to undergo regular checks and maintenance, pilots are also required to undergo regular medical examinations to ensure their fitness to fly. The physical standards pilots are required to meet are minimum standards. Pilots do not have to be supermen to fly. Many defects can be compensated for, as, for example, wearing glasses for visual defects.

These specialized medical exams consist of physical examinations performed by Aviation Medical Examiners, doctors trained to screen potential aircrew for medical conditions that could lead to problems while performing their airborne duties.

The goal of the Medical Examination is to protect the life and health of pilots and passengers by making reasonable medical assurance that a person is fit to fly.

Among the Aviation Medical Examiners there are doctors of different specialities: cardiologist, surgeon, dentist, dermatologist, endocrinologist, gastroenterologist, ophthalmologist, oral surgeon, neurologist, neuropathist, physician, psychiatrist, psychologist.

Air crews are a high-risk group to several diseases and harmful conditions due to irregular work shifts with irregular sleeping, jet lag and irregular meals and work-related stress. There are some professional diseases pilots might suffer from: stomach ulcer, hearing loss or even deafness, atherosclerosis, ischemia, heart problems, high-blood pressure (hypertension), haemorrhoids.

Infectious Diseases

An infectious disease is a disease resulting from the presence of microbial agents. They are also called contagious diseases. They can be transmitted from one person or species to another. Transmission of an infectious disease may occur through one or more pathways including physical contact with infected individuals. The infecting agents may also be transmitted through liquids, food, body fluids, contaminated objects, airborne inhalation, and so on.

Infectious diseases can cause problems for international flights. As air companies have to fly to different parts of the world and tropical countries as well, the crew and the passengers should be made aware of the risks of catching such diseases as malaria, bird flu (Avian Influenza), the so called swine flu, SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) and some others. In order to prevent the spread of such diseases, each aircraft performing an international flight has to undergo a special medical check upon arrival.

When an aircraft arrives at an international airport, a representative of Port Health comes on board and asks the captain and the purser if there are any sick occupants. In case there are some, the plane is put into the quarantine.

1. What are infectious diseases? What do they result from?

2. How are infectious diseases transmitted?

3. Why do they cause problems to international flights?

4. Name some of infectious diseases. What are their sympthoms?

5. What are the ways to stop the spread of infectious diseases?

7. Make word-collocations using the following nouns: disease, agents, people, person, quarantine, objects, liquids, food, airborne inhalation and the words from the box and use them in your own sentences. Some nouns can be used more than ones.

infectious

microbial

contaminated

contagious

infected be transmitted from…to

be transmitted through

catch

put into the quarantine

Medical Assistance on Board

First Aid

First aid is the help that you give someone quickly after they have hurt themselves or have had an accident. It can stop a person from becoming more ill. In some cases, it can even save a person’s life.

Only someone who knows first aid well should try to treat an injured or sick person. Usually, you give first aid until a doctor or an ambulance arrives. Never try to give someone first aid unless you know what to do. The wrong actions can do more harm than good.

But sometimes you cannot wait until help arrives. You must begin helping a person at once, especially if the victim is bleeding strongly, has been poisoned or if breathing has stopped. Even if you wait for a short time it can be fatal. Here are some important rules for immediate help:

· Do not move a person who may have a broken bone, internal injuries or an injured spine unless you really have to.

· If the victim is lying down, keep the person in that position. Do not allow them to walk or stand up.

· Never give food or liquid to a person who may need an operation.

· If the victim is unconscious turn the head to one side to keep the person from choking. But do not move the head of a person who may have a spinal injury.

· Never give water to a person who is unconscious.

· Make sure that the victim has an open airway. The nose, mouth and throat should be clear in order for them to breathe.

· Remain calm and talk to the injured person. Explain what is being done and say that help is on its way.

The airlines of many countries provide flight attendants with an individual kit for first aid. It typically contains: mild pain killers, splints, heart stimulants, a wide range of dressings / bandages, an inhaler, a defibrillator, etc.

Medical training is given to flight crews by an airline, but for reasons of communication they need to be familiar with English terminology. Diagnosing an illness or assessing an injury is based on the signs and symptoms of a patient. Signs are things which can be seen, such as external bleeding, etc. Symptoms are things which the patient can feel but which can’t be seen: e.g. headache, pain. Symptoms can only be established by the use of language. Language is also essential for giving instructions to a patient.

1. What is first aid?

2. What kind of information should you give when you call for help?

3. Which organs should be cleaned in order for a person to breathe properly?

4. When can the first aid be especially vital?

5. What mustn’t you do if an injured person has bone injures?

6. What is the difference between signs and symptoms?

7. Why is it important that you can communicate in English about illnesses?

8. Speak about the main rules while giving first aid. Try to mention as many of them as you can.

9. Describe the sorts of things you would expect to find in a typical first aid kit.

Medical Emergencies

Medical emergencies are one of the main reasons why an aircraft may need to divert if the emergency is serious enough and cannot be treated within the airplane itself. The final decision as to whether a diversion is necessary or not rests with the captain on board. All aircraft have a first aid kit on board and cabin crew receive first aid training. A request may be made for any doctor who happens to be travelling on a flight with a view to a possible intervention.

A recent innovation is the Medlink service (telemedicine centre) where a specialist opinion may be provided at a distance. It is a comprehensive, working 24 hours 7 days a week centre with on-duty emergency physicians who communicate directly with the crew. This model provides immediate guidance and advice to crew during the actual medical crisis. The telemedicine responder should possess enough medical emergency knowledge to consult whether to provide inflight treatment or to divert. Medlink service should also have a comprehensive and worldwide database of medical resources. This database will help crew determine the best location for treatment options and will provide information on landing requirements and support services.

Air traffic controllers are also trained to deal with medical emergences. They provide an essential link with medical services on the ground. Once a decision to divert has been taken, the controller is responsible for making sure that the appropriate medical services are properly informed and standing by, ready for action when the airplane lands.

Some passengers board an airplane with an underlying medical condition which makes flying unadvisable. Airlines will try to screen such passengers and they have the right to stop them at the departure gate and refuse permission to embark. But unless the symptoms are very obvious, passengers at risk will remain undetected until it is too late. Sometimes the passengers by themselves may not be aware of their own condition until the problem occurs. With the increase in leisure travel and particularly long haul travel by elderly passengers, the likelihood of a medical emergency during flight is on the increase.

A further problem in international travel is that cabin crew may be unable to correctly assess the seriousness of a medical condition due to a language barrier. It may be that someone is unable to explain the seriousness of a medical condition. In such circumstances the captain may choose to divert rather than to risk more serious consequences.

1. What is medical emergency?

2. Who takes the final decision whether to divert or not in case of medical emergency on board?

3. What do you know about medical equipment, medical staff and ground services?

4. Do you think pilots and ATCs should receive special training to deal with medical emergencies? Why?

5. What is Medlink service? How does it work?

6. What are ATC’s responsibilities in case of medical emergency?

7. Name the problems which can lead to medical situations on board. What can be done to prevent them?

8. Do you think language proficiency can influence the consequences of a medical situation? How?

Role-palay the situation.

Situation 1

Student A is a pilot who has medical emergency on board.

Student B is an ATCO and asks student A among other questions the following ones:

· what exactly happened;

· how many people were injured;

· what assistance the crew required;

· whether anything had already been done to help the passengers or not;

· gives some advice / recommendations.

Situation 2

Student A is a sick / ingured person on board the aircraft.

Student B is a flight attendant. Ask Student A among other questions the following ones:

· what the symptoms are;

· how serious the medical condition is;

· what special medical eguipment he needs (if any);

· gives recommendations to student A.

Situation 3

Student A is a pilot. Student B is ab-initio pilot who asks student A about medical issues. Student B wants to know about harmful conditions and professional diseases pilots may experience at their work. He also asks student A about the procedure of undergoing medical examinations.

Then Student B tells the information she / he found out to another group-mate using discourse markers and connectors from the Appendix.

Situation 4

Student A is a pilot. Student B is ATCO. They speak about their jobs being rather stressful. During the communication they point out things which cause stress and the ways of coping / dealing with it.

Then Student A tells the information she / he found out about the ATCO’s profession to another group-mate and Student B tells the information she / he found out about the profession of a pilot to another group-mate using discourse markers and connectors from the Appendix.

Unit 5. Weather, climate, natural disasters

Describe the weather of each day of a current week. Then look next week weather forecast up in the Internet and tell the group what kind of weather you should expect from Monday to Sunday. Use the adjectives above to describe season’s weather in your native region.

News Weather Report 1

This is CKNY and I’m Anita Pierce with weather. We couldn’t ask for a better day for the first day of Spring. Right now it’s fifteen degrees and clear. We’re expecting blue skies throughout the day. Though there is only a ten percent chance of showers, this good weather can’t last forever. It’s raining heavily up north, so we should see rain by morning. Don’t forget your umbrella tomorrow. Now, stay tuned for local news.

1. What kind of day is it?

2. Which season does this weather report take place in?

3. What is the temperature?

4. What will the temperature probably be tomorrow?

5. What does the weather reporter suggest using?

News Weather Report 2

Hi, I'm Jesse Williams. This is your weekend weather report. This morning we’re seeing sun with cloudy periods as well as drizzle. Right now I am at the top of Mount Raven where it is plus two and expected to rise to about six degrees by noon. Overnight temperatures will probably drop to at least minus seven. Tomorrow’s forecast calls for more drizzle with a high of zero and a low of minus twelve. With the wind chill factor, that could put us at a record low of minus twenty. Conditions are perfect for skiing this weekend, but if you’re heading out to the slopes tomorrow, please remember to bundle up to avoid frostbite. We’ll go back to the newsroom now for a look at what’s in sports.

1. Which season would this weather report most likely take place in?

2. Where is the weather report taking place?

3. What is mentioned as part of tomorrow’s forecast?

4. Why will it feel so cold tomorrow?

5. What does the weather reporter suggest that skiers should do?

News Weather Report 3

Good morning, this is Alonzo Jacob with your Monday weather report. The heat wave that slowed everybody down this weekend is showing no signs of letting up this week. Our meteorologists suggest that today’s temperature could climb to as high as 40 degrees Celsius by the late afternoon. Right now, only an hour after sunrise, the temperature here at the airport is already 29 degrees. However, there is relatively no humidity in the air, so it feels quite comfortable out here at the moment. Unfortunately, there is also no rain in the forecast for the next five days. This is bad news for the thirsty forest fires that are raging across the interior of our province. Looks like setting up a tent in the backyard may be the only way to catch some sleep tonight if you don’t have air-conditioning. That’s all for today’s weather. Stay tuned for the morning traffic report.

1. Which season would this weather report most likely take place in?

2. Where is the weather report taking place?

3. What type of precipitation is forecasted for the week?

4. Why does the air feel so comfortable?

5. What does the weather reporter suggest that people should do to stay cool?

Flight Hazards

Snow and ice can be extremely hazardous when planes are taking off and landing and so heavy equipment is kept specially to clear the runways and taxiways.

Snow, slush and ice, particularly, when combined with strong winds and heavy rain, may all present difficulties in maintaining control when taxing, taking off and landing the aircraft.

Standing water can seriously affect take-off and landing. Failure to break through the water surface can result in the aircraft aquaplaning off the side of the runway.

Severe wind-gusts, turbulent condition, downdraughts and microburst may be hazardous during take-off and landing.

Even small amount of frost, ice and snow can have dangerous consequences. The effect of deposits on the wings and airframe can affect the weight of the aircraft, the center of gravity, the freedom of movement of control surfaces, and can cause severe damage to the engines. De-icing procedures and removal of snow build-ups must be performed before the flight.

Meteorological hazards.

Climate

Dictionary if necessary.

b) Read the text and exchange ideas on:

· whether any of the information in the text surprised you;

· if climate change is a problem or not;

· if you agree that climate is changing; if yes, then how;

· how climate change has altered the world’s weather;

· what global warming is;

· what we can do to stop global warming;

· how climate change will affect the world in the future, etc.

Role-play the situations.

Situation 1

Student A lives in Siberia / south of Russia / Central part of Russia / Far East.

Student B asks him among others the following questions:

· what climate this part of Russia has;

· what weather they usually have in different seasons;

· if such weather is typical for that part;

· what climate she/he prefers and why.

Situation 2

Student A has just come from any of the Asian / American / African / European country.

Student B asks him among others the following questions:

· what climate this country has;

· what weather they had during their journey;

· if such weather is typical for that country;

· if the weather / climate of this country differs from climate in Russia and if yes – how;

· what climate she / he prefers and why.

Natural Disasters

A pilot should take in case he encounters volcanic eruption. Organise your ideas and plan what you want to say. Use the linking words and phrases from the Appendix to structure your briefing and present it.

· It is most important to avoid any volcanic ash cloud. Make every effort to remain on the upwind side of the volcano.

· Pilots should not attempt to fly through or climb out of the ash cloud.

· If you see a volcanic eruption and have not been previously notified about it, immediately report it to ATC.

· When landing at an airport where volcanic ash has been deposited, be aware that even a thin layer of dry ash can be destructive to braking action. Wet ash may also be a problem.

· Precautions should be taken to minimize reduction in visibility and ingestion of ash into the engine(s) when landing or taking off from an airport where volcanic ash is present.

Prepare a summary report.

Means of Air Travelling

Role-play the situation.

Student A is a pilot of civil aviation.

Student B asks him among other questions the following ones:

· what type of aircraft he flies;

· what is the purpose of this aircraft (if it is a passenger or a cargo one);

· what are the advantages / disadvantages of this aircraft comparing to others of the same type;

· what the geography of his flights is;

· why he decided to become a civil pilot not a military one.

Travel Troubles

Every year, it seems, more and more people are going on holiday abroad. This means that more and more people are also experiencing discomfort of foreign travel. This often starts at an airport and doesn’t depend on the airline you are using.

At least at peak holiday times, there are queues at the check-in and then more queues at passport control as you go into the departure lounge. Then, there is often the possibility of delayed flights. These tend to be more common if you are travelling by charter flight, but they are no means unknown on scheduled flights.

Sometimes such delays are due to technical malfunctions or to the very large numbers of planes which now take off and land. However, some, in Europe at least, are the result of industrial action by staff. The holiday season is a favourite time for baggage handlers, air-traffic control personnel, or other airport staff to take such action.

Still, eventually you get to the departure gate, board the plane, find your seat and fasten your seat belt ready for take off. Members of the cabin crew will very likely serve you with food and drink and, unless you are on a long-haul flight, it will seem a relatively short time before you land.

Now it is the time to follow the signs to the baggage reclaim area of the airport and wait by the carousel for your luggage, hoping that it has not been left behind or been sent to the wrong airport. Not surprisingly, given the amount of luggage that is taken on board planes by travelers, it is quite common for luggage to go missing.

Fortunately, this is usually a temporary state of affairs. The individual pieces of luggage are labeled, making it relatively easy for airlines to track them.

1. Name the inconveniences faced by air travelers at the airport.

2. Give several causes for flight delays.

3. When industrial actions are usually taken by airport stuff? What staff usually takes them?

4. Why can luggage be lost? Why is it possible for it to be found?

5. Complete the sentences below by giving your view:

· I think that air travel has the advantage of…….

· I think that air travel has the disadvantage of…….

· If I have a choice of travelling by air or by another means, I would…….

Role-play the situation.

Student A has just arrived from some foreign country.

Student B asks him among other questions the following ones:

· what country he has visited;

· what purposes of his visit were and what impressions he had;

· if he had any troubles during the journey;

· how he coped with the troubles;

· if he can give some advice for travellers.

Air-rage

Aggressive behavior or air-rage can be a major problem on board an aircraft, presenting a threat at times to the cabin crew or other passengers, or even more seriously, to the safe operation of a flight. There are several reasons why the experience of flying itself may cause a passenger to behave in such a way. The feeling of being enclosed, the stress of the pre-flight check-in and security procedures, the stress caused by delay, a fear of flying or the side effects of any drugs or alcohol the passenger may have consumed are all possible causes of subsequent unreasonable behavior on board. A passenger may also have an underlying mental health problem which becomes worse when they are subjected to the stress of flying.

The consequences of antisocial or aggressive behavior during a flight can be serious. Apart from the actual harm unruly passengers may cause to themselves or others, the pilots might decide that a diversion is necessary in the interests of the safety of all on board. This will be costly for airline. Unruly passengers can expect to be arrested once on the ground and may face serious legal repercussions. Increasingly, prison sentences, sometimes lengthy, are handed out to act as a deterrent.

The main precaution that an airline can take is to stop any passengers who exhibit signs of unruly behavior on the ground from boarding. Passengers who are drunk, for example, can often be identified and stopped at the gate. Many airlines serve less alcohol on board than they used to, or even no alcohol at all, particularly on short haul flights. But unruly behavior has many other causes which can often not be detected until it is too late. Cabin crew undergo training as to how to respond to unruly behavior on board in an effort to contain the problem before it becomes too serious and a diversion becomes necessary.

1. How should a person behave during the journey?

2. What are the possible causes of aggressive behavior on board?

3. What are the ways of coping with air-rage?

4. How can airlines prevent air-rage incidents?

5. What is an ideal passenger?

Internet for it.

Role-play the situation.

Student A has just landed and told you that they had an air rage during the flight.

Student B asks him among other questions the following ones:

· what exactly happened;

· what the reason of the incident was;

· if there were any injured in the incident;

· how flight attendants helped;

· what exactly they did;

· if the pilot took the desicion to divert or not;

· how it all ended.

Fire

Fire on board an aircraft is an extremely dangerous hazard. With powerful engines and the carrying of large quantities of fuel on board, a certain risk clearly exists. This was especially true in the early days of aviation. Since then, aircraft manufacturers have made great progress in minimizing the risk of fire. The materials for cabin fittings are carefully chosen, smoke detectors give an early warning to the flight crew and the fire extinguishers are readily available on board to deal immediately with any minor incidents in the cabin. Moreover, there are strict rules as to what goods passengers may carry on board or place in the cargo hold.

A fire in one of the engines is always a possibility, though modern engine reliability is continually improving. The pilot usually receives an immediate warning in the cockpit and the safest procedure is to shut down the affected engine by cutting off the fuel supply to it. The pilot can then extinguish what remains of the fire by discharging the fire bottles. Afterwards the aircraft can either continue to its destination or the pilots can look for a suitable diversionary airport if they judge the distance to destination to be too great to continue safely.

Evacuation procedures. When an aircraft carries out an emergency landing, fire-fighting services should be on standby to deal with any fire which may break out. Cabin crew are trained for this scenario and the rules governing the availability of emergency exits and escape chutes on all aircraft are strict. If the cabin is full with smoke, the strip lighting on the floor will guide passengers to one of these exits.

Air traffic control and fire-fighting services. When a fire breaks out on board an aircraft, it is the pilot’s responsibility to deal with the situation. The pilot may declare an emergency and may need to land as soon as possible. In this case the air traffic controller will need to make sure that the fire service are standing by on the ground and that they have as much information as possible about the problem. Even when there is no actual fire on board, a controller may need to alert the fire service if a pilot is making an emergency landing, as in many situations there is a real risk of fire breaking out.

1. What parts of an aircraft can a fire be discovered in?

2. What makes a fire on board a possible hazard?

3. What has been done to minimize the risk of fire on board since the early period of aviation?

4. What equipment is available on board to cope with fire?

5. What are pilots’ actions in dealing with fire?

6. Name things that are necessary for evacuation procedure.

7. What are ATC’s actions when a pilot declares fire emergency?

Role-play the situation.

Student A has just landed and told you that they experienced fire during the flight.

Student B asks him among other questions the following ones:

· what exactly happened;

· what the cause of fire was;

· if there were any injured in the incident;

· what flight attendants actions were;

· what exactly they did;

· if the pilot took the desicion to divert or not;

· how it all ended.

Name some of them.

Dangerous Goods

Dangerous goods are items that, because of their physical, chemical or acute toxic properties may endanger the safety of an aircraft or persons on board the aircraft. Dangerous goods are known as restricted articles, hazardous materials and dangerous cargo. They are liquid or solid substances and articles containing them, that have been tested and assessed against internationally-agreed criteria – a process called classification – and found to be potentially dangerous (hazardous) when carried. Dangerous goods are assigned to different Classes depending on their predominant hazard:

· Radioactive Materials

· Explosives

· Corrosive Materials

· Flammables

· Toxic Materials

· Oxidizing Materials

Carriage of Dangerous Goods

Air cargo is commonly known as freight. There are many commercial aircraft suitable for carrying cargo such as Boeing 747 and the bigger An-124, which were purpose built to be easily converted to a cargo aircraft. Most goods are not considered enough dangerous to require special precautions during carriage. Some goods, however, have properties which mean they are potentially dangerous if carried. If the goods carried are dangerous, there is also the risk of an accident, such as spillage of the goods, resulting in hazards such as fire, explosion, chemical burn or environmental damage.

There are regulations to deal with the carriage of dangerous goods, the purpose of which is to protect everyone either directly involved (such as consignors or carriers), or who might become involved (such as members of the emergency services and public). Regulations place duties upon everyone involved in the carriage of dangerous goods to ensure that they know what they have to do to minimize the risk of incidents and quarantee an effective response. In order to minimize the risk associated with hazardous materials, safery precautions are required. Most countries regulate transportation of hazardous materials by law.

All dangerous goods must be packed (in pallets, crates, barrels, containers, boxes, bottles, etc.) and labeled appropriatly according to the ICAO requirements. They must be inspected externally before the flight. Persons who handle dangerous goods often wear protective equipment (gloves, goggles, helmet, etc.) and fire departments often have a response team specifically trained to deal with accidents.

1. What risk does the carriage of dangerous goods involve?

2. Why some goods are considered sufficiently dangerous while being transported?

3. Why some goods may be potentially dangerous?

4. What types of aircraft are used for cargo transportation?

5. What should be done to minimize the risk associated with dangerous goods transportation?

Role-play the situation.

Student A is a pilot of a cargo aircraft.

Student B asks him among other questions the following ones:

· what type of aircraft he controls;

· what exactly he transports;

· what packaging is used for goods;

· if he had any incident/accident connected with dangerous goods transportation;

· what exactly the crew of the aircraft did during the incident/accident;

· why he decided to became a cargo aircraft pilot.

High Tech

(http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/4399/ slide_4399_61790_large.jpg)

“Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.” Thomas Alva Edison, the great American inventor

Aviation Technology

Fly-by-wire

The speed of technological development was fully reflected in the aviation world. One of the most interesting changes is the development of automated systems.

For the earliest aircraft, flight control systems were solely mechanical (using rods, cables and pulleys). The pilot in the cockpit made use of a control stick and pedals to carry out roll, pitch and yaw. As aircraft got bigger, systems became hydraulic (using pumps, pipes, valves and actuators). As aircraft continued to grow in size and with the development of large passenger jets, the requirement to keep weight down led to the development of fly-by-wire systems. Fly-by-wire means that the aircraft is controlled by an electrical system. Nowadays fly-by-wire systems are digital and large aircraft are controlled by a computerized command system. The world’s first digital fly-by-wire aircraft was Airbus A320. Boeing was also developing digital fly-by-wire systems.

Large aircraft usually have at least four parallel computerized control systems to deal with situations where one or even two computers might be down.

6. Answer the questions:

1. Why do you think the fly-by-wire systems have developed?

2. Can you think of any advantages / disadvantages of the new improvements in flight control systems?

Communication system.

Of using messages

Datalink

There is a new technology in radio communication called Datalink. A digital Datalink communication system is used for transmission of short, relatively simple text messages between aircraft (pilots) and ground stations (controllers) via radio or satellite instead of voice communication. These communications may include clearances, requests, reports, or any related ATS (air traffic service) information. For example, in many parts of the world, meteorological updates are now sent this way.

There are generally recognized advantages for both safety and efficiency. Clear text messages reduce communication errors, so there is no need to constantly check, confirm and clarify the information. It also reduces frequency congestion and makes communication fast and safe. The messages are delivered with higher reliability than voice transmission.

On the other hand, Datalink has its disadvantages. Pilots and controllers may use different words and abbreviations to write messages (especially when they do not speak the same language), and it may lead to misunderstanding. What is more, writing and reading text messages increase the crew’s workload, and in an emergency situation they don’t have time to read and write them. Finally, when both text and voice messages are used the crew’s attention is divided and it is easy to miss a call.

Role-play the situation.

Student A is a pilot who uses Datalink in his job.

Student B does not. Ask Student A among other questions the following ones:

· what the advantages / disadvantages of Datalink are;

· what the main principles of its operation are;

· if he would recommend to use Datalink to all pilots and ATCOs in thier jobs; Why/Why not;

· what his own idea of the perfect technology to solve the problems of pilot-ATC communication is.

Glass Cockpit

A glass cockpit is an aircraft cockpit with electronic (digital) instrument displays. While a traditional cockpit relies on numerous mechanical gauges to display information, a glass cockpit uses several displays driven by flight management systems, which can be adjusted to display flight information as needed. This simplifies aircraft operation and navigation and allows pilots to focus only on the most essential information. Aircraft displays and the sensors that feed them have modernized. Traditional gyroscopic flight instruments have been replaced by electronic systems and computers, improving reliability and reducing cost and maintenance.

Modern automation and displays have made the cockpit much more elegant, with far fewer individual dials. Advantages of the glass are numerous: cleaner appearance, larger artificial horizon, greater redundancy in case of failure, more flexible and accurate navigational options, programmability.

They are also popular with airline companies as they usually eliminate the need for a flight engineer.

In recent years the technology has become widely available in small aircraft. As aircraft operation becomes more dependent on glass cockpit systems, flight crews must be trained to deal with possible failures.

Role-play the situations.

Situation 1

Student A is a pilot who flies an aircraft with a glass cockpit.

Student B asks him among other questions the following ones:

· what the advantages / disadvantages of it are;

· if it is more convenient to operate the aircraft equipped with glass cockpit comparing with conventional one;

· if it simplifies the pilot’s job or not and why;

· if it is reasonable to equip all aircraft with glass cockpits or not and why.

Situation 2

Student A is a pilot who flies an aircraft with a conventional cockpit.

Student B asks him among other questions the following ones:

· what the advantages / disadvantages of it are;

· if it is more convenient to operate the aircraft equipped with conventional cockpit comparing with glass cockpit;

· if it complicates or simplifies the pilot’s job and why;

· if it is less or more complicated to operate the aircraft with conventional cockpit and why.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Грюсендорф, М. Английский для неформального делового общения / М. Грюсендорф/ – (Cornelsen Verlag). – М.: Дельта, 2008. – 92 с.

2. 787 Dreamliner vs A380: cockpit comparisons // Aerospce-technology.com. News, Views and Contacts from Aerospace Industry. – Режим доступа: http://www.aerospace-technology.com/features/featuredreamliner-vs-a380-cockpit-comparisons. – Заглавие с экрана.

3. Aviation Glossary. – Режим доступа: http://aviationglossary.blogspot.com. – Заглавие с экрана.

4. Aviator: летная академия гражданской авиации. – Режим доступа: http://www.1-avia.ru/fleet.html. – Заглавие с экрана.

5. Charity.com. – Режим доступа: http://www.savetheplanet.com. – Заглавие с экрана.

6. Controller Pilot Data Link Communications. – Режим доступа: http://www.answers.com/
topic/controller-pilot-data-link-communications#ixzz1zNlxwIHH. – Заглавие с экрана.

7. Emery, H. Aviation English For ICAO Compliance: Student’s Book (+ 2 CD-Rom) / H. Emery, A. Roberts. – Oxford: Macmillan Publishers Ltd, 2010. – 128 p.

8. Emery, H. Check Your Aviation English. For ICAO Compliance: Student’s Book (+ 3 CD-Rom) / H. Emery, A. Roberts. – Oxford: Macmillan Publishers Ltd, 2010. – 128 p.

9. Identifying Parts of Speech. – Режим доступа: http://blogs.spsk12.net/6948/files/2009/
11/identifying-parts-of-speech.pdf. – Заглавие с экрана.

10. Lester. P. Aviation Weather / P. Lester. – 3^rd ed. – Jeppesen Sanderson Inc., 2004. – 480 p.

11. Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners / ed. by M. Rundell, G. Fox. – 2^nd ed. – Macmillan Education, 2007. – 174 p.

12. National Geographic. Education. – Режим доступа: www.nationalgeographic.com/
xpeditions/lessons/01. – Заглавие с экрана.

13. New Bedford Regional Airport. Rules and Regulations. – Режим доступа: http:// www. newbedford - ma. gov / airport / rulesregs. html. – Заглавие с экрана.

14. Redston, Ch. Face2Face: Intermediate Student’s Book / Ch. Redston, G. Cunningham. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. – 128 p.

15. Shawcross, Ph. Flightpath: Aviation English for pilots and ATCOs: Student’s Book (+ 3 CD-Rom + 1 DVD) / Ph. Shawcross. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. – 192 p.

APPENDIX

Clarification strategies

Sorry,

what is the meaning of the word “...........”?

what does the word “.............” mean?

could you explain the word “.........”? paraphrase it / the word “.......”? say it / “......” in other words?

Logical connectors

First Firstly In the first place	Во-первых	In short In a word	Короче говоря Одним словом
To begin with To start with	Во-первых, Прежде всего	Last	В конце, на последнем месте
Second Secondly In the second place	Во-вторых	Last but not least	Последний, но не менее важный
Next Nextly	Затем, далее	Lastly	Наконец
Then	Затем	To sum it up To conclude	В заключение, итак
As for	Что касается	Finally	В заключение

Defining, making specific

That is That is to say Namely	То есть, а именно	What is more	И вдобавок, больше того
In other words	Другими словами, иначе говоря	Also	Также, к тому же
Besides In addition	Кроме того, К тому же	For example For instance	Например
Moreover	Кроме того, Более того

Making conclusions