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1) Courts are divided into                    a) are “explanations on issues of judicial

                                                                  practice”.

2) The Constitutional Court is             b) the Higher Arbitration Court of the                  

                                                                Russian Federation, ten Federal District

                                                              Arbitration Courts, Appellate Courts, the

                                                              Arbitration Courts of the subjects of the

                                                                 Russian Federation.                                                                     

3) The Supreme Court of the Russian c) the supreme judicial body of four-tiered

                                                               Federation is system of courts of general

                                                               jurisdiction.                                                                                 

4) The Supreme Court of the Russian d) disputes involving military personnel.

Federation has jurisdiction                                                                                   

5) Regulations enacted by the Plenary   e) as the supreme body in the arbitration       

Session                                                   court system.

6) Military courts consider               f) as a court of cassation in the land and as a

                                                             court of supervisory instance over the

                                                             courts of lower level.

7) The system of general jurisdiction courts g) the highest judicial body in the RF.

                                                             at regional level includes

8) There is a four-tiered system of      h) federal courts and courts of the subjects of arbitration courts:                               of Russia.

9) The Higher Arbitration Court of the i) justices of the peace, district courts, su-      

Russian Federation operates              preme courts of the republics,                                                                                           

                                                           city courts of Moscow and St. Petersburg,

                                                           courts of autonomous districts, military   

                                                           courts.

 

Text: The Procuracy

(the Prosecutor’s Office)

The Procuracy dates back to 1722, when Peter the Great created the post of procurator-general, subordinate to the Imperial Senate. The Procuracy was charged with the functions of supervising the activities of the Senate to protect against abrogation of its decrees and regulations.

A decree of the Council of People’s Commissars of November 24, 1917 abolished the Procuracy and all other tsarist legal institutions.

In 1922 the Bolshevik Government reestablished the Procuracy and invested it with the power to supervise the legality of administrative officials, agencies, and citizens. The Procuracy’s central position in the administration of justice after 1922 derived not only from its hierarchical and centralized organizational structure, but also from the wide range of functions it performed. The procurator was involved at every stage in the criminal process. The arrest of a suspect and the search for evidence required his written authorization. In Soviet criminal procedure, the prosecution of cases proceeded through two stages: preliminary investigation and trial. The procurator participated in both stages. In the most serious cases, investigators were often procuratorial officials.

Throughout the post-Stalin period, the Procuracy also maintained its responsibility for investigating and prosecuting criminal cases. Under Brezhnev the Procuracy was particularly active in arresting and prosecuting dissidents.

The early days of glasnost and perestroika unleashed an outpouring of public and press criticism of the functioning of Soviet law enforcement agencies, including the Procuracy. The new legislation (“Law on the Procuracy” adopted in 1992) preserved the Procuracy as a single and centralized institution charged with “supervising the implementation of laws by local legislative and executive bodies, administrative control organs, legal entities, public organizations, and officials, as well as the lawfulness of their acts”. The most important change in the new “Law on the Procuracy” was the elimination of procuratorial supervision over the activities of the courts. The Procuracy also lost responsibility for conducting criminal investigations. The preliminary investigation now falls to a special investigatory body, although the Procuracy retains supervisory authority over the lawful conduct of this new investigatory agency.

The Law on the Procuracy of the Russian Federation retained the Procuracy’s powers of general supervision over the legality of activities of local administrative agencies, enterprises, institutions, organizations and associations, military administrative organs, political organizations and movements, and officials.

The 1993 Constitution makes only minor changes affecting the Procuracy. The Procurator-General (the Prosecutor-General) of the Russian Federation is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Federation Council and serves for a five-year term. Procurators of the republics are appointed to five-year terms by the Russian Prosecutor-General and confirmed by the legislative bodies of their respective republics. Regional, district, and city procurators are appointed by the Russian ProsecutorGeneral and do not require confirmation by any elective body.

It may be said that the Procuracy like all Russian courts, protects legality, law and order.