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Relative ordering of the suffixes. As briefly illustrated in the discussion of -vam this and -vetlh that (section 3.3.4), when a noun is followed by more than one suffix
As briefly illustrated in the discussion of -vam this and -vetlh that (section 3.3.4), when a noun is followed by more than one suffix, the suffixes must occur in the proper order, according to the classification just described. It is rare for a noun to be followed by five suffixes, but it does happen from time to time. Some examples of nouns with two or more suffixes follow. (Suffix types are indicated by numbers.)
Qagh | (noun) | error | ||||||||||
| -Hom | (1) | diminutive | |||||||||||
| -mey | (2) | plural | |||||||||||
| -Hey | (3) | apparent | |||||||||||
| -IIj | (4) | your | |||||||||||
| -mo’ | (5) | due to | |||||||||||
| pa’wIjDaq in my quarters | |||||||||||||
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Pa’ | (noun) | room | |||||||||||
| -wIj | (4) | my | |||||||||||
| -Daq | (5) | locative | |||||||||||
| Duypu’qoqchaj their so-called emissaries | |||||||||||||
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Duy | (noun) | emissary | |||||||||||
| -pu’ | (2) | plural | |||||||||||
| -qoq | (3) | so-called | |||||||||||
| -chaj | (4) | their | |||||||||||
| qamDu’wIjDaq at my feet | |||||||||||||
| qam | (noun) | foot | |||||||||||
| -Du’ | (2) | plural | |||||||||||
| -wIj | (4) | my | |||||||||||
| -Daq | (5) | locative | |||||||||||
| rojHom’e’ the truce (as topic) | |||||||||||||
| roj | (noun) | peace | |||||||||||
| -Hom | (1) | diminutive | |||||||||||
| -’e’ | (5) | topic | |||||||||||
All examples of suffixes given so far show only simple nouns. Suffixes are attached to complex nouns (section 3.2) in exactly the same fashion.
| DIvI’may’DujmeyDaq at/to the Federation battle cruisers | |||
| DIvI’may’Duj | (noun) | Federation battle cruiser | |
| -mey | (2) | plural | |
| -Daq | (5) | locative | |
| baHwI’pu’vam these gunners | |||
| baHwI’ | (noun) | gunner | |
| -pu’ | (2) | plural | |
| -vam | (4) | this | |
The noun—noun construction
Some combinations of two (or more) nouns in a row are so common as to have become everyday words. These are the compound nouns (as discussed in section 3.2.1). In addition, it is possible to combine nouns in the manner of a compound noun to produce a new construct even if it is not a legitimate compound noun (“legitimate” in the sense that it would be found in a dictionary).
The translation of two nouns combined in this way, say N1—N2 (that is, noun #1 followed by noun #2), would be N2 of the Nl. For example, nuH weapon and pegh secret combine to form nuH pegh secret of the weapon. An alternate translation would be N1’s N2, in this case, the weapon’s secret. As discussed in section 3.3.4, this is the Klingon possessive construction for a noun possessed by another noun.
When the noun—noun construction is used, only the second noun can take syntactic suffixes (Type 5). Both nouns, however, may take suffixes of the other four types. For example:
| nuHvam pegh secret of this weapon | ||
| nuH | (noun) | weapon |
| -vam | (4) | this |
| pegh | (noun) | secret |
| jaghpu’ yuQmeyDaq at/to the enemies’ planets | ||
| jagh | (noun) | enemy |
| -pu’ | (2) | plural |
| yuQ | (noun) | planet |
| -mey | (2) | plural |
| -Daq | (5) | locative |
| puqwl’ qamDu’ my child’s feet | ||
| puq | (noun) | child |
| -wI’ | (4) | my |
| qam | (noun) | foot |
| -Du | (2) | plural |
English prepositional phrases are also rendered in Klingon by this noun-noun construction. Prepositional concepts such as above and below are actually nouns in Klingon, best translated as “area above,” “area below,” etc. The locative suffix (section 3.3.5) follows the second noun. For example:
| nagh DungDaq above the rock | ||
| nagh | (noun) | rock |
| Dung | (noun) | area above |
| -Daq | (5) | locative |
More literally, this is “at the area above the rock” or “at the rock’s above-area.”
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VERBS
Klingon verbs are mostly monosyllabic forms which may be accompanied by several affixes. As with Klingon nouns, Klingon verbs may take suffixes falling into a number of types based on their relative position following the verb. There are nine types of verb suffixes. Unlike Klingon nouns, Klingon verbs may take prefixes. Thus, if suffix types are indicated as numbers, the structure of a Klingon verb is:
PREFIX—VERB—1—2—3—4—5—6—7—8—9
Pronominal prefixes
Each Klingon verb begins with a single prefix that indicates who or what is performing the action described by the verb and, when relevant, who or what is the recipient of that action. In other words, Klingon verb prefixes indicate both the subject and the object of the sentence.
Basic prefixes
The basic set of prefixes can be presented in a chart. (In order to make the chart as clear as possible, some prefixes are repeated.)
Note that both the subject and the object are combined into a single prefix. 0 in the chart means that the particular subject-object combinations are indicated by the absence of a prefix before the verb; - in the chart notes subject-object combinations which cannot be expressed with the Klingon verb prefix system. For such meanings, suffixes (section 4.2.1) and/or pronouns (section 5.1) must be used.
| OBJECT | none | me | you | him/ | us | you | them |
| her/it | (plural) | ||||||
| SUBJECT | |||||||
| I | jI - | — | qa- | vI- | — | Sa- | vI- |
| you | bI- | cho- | — | Da- | ju- | — | Da- |
| he/she/it | 0 | mu- | Du- | 0 | nu- | lI- | 0 |
| we | ma- | — | pI- | wI- | — | re- | DI- |
| you (plural) | Su- | tu- | — | bo- | che- | — | bo- |
| they | 0 | mu- | nI- | lu- | nu- | lI- | 0 |
The prefixes in the first column of the chart (headed “none”) are used when there is no object; that is, when the action of the verb affects only the subject (the “doer”). The verb Qong sleep occurs with the pronominal prefixes as follows:
jIQong I sleep
bIQong you sleep
Qong he/she/it sleeps, they sleep
maQong we sleep
SuQong you (plural) sleep
In the case of Qong he/she/it sleeps, they sleep, the exact subject would be indicated elsewhere in the sentence or by context.
This set of prefixes is also used when an object is possible, but unknown or vague. Thus, jIyaj I understand can be used when the speaker understands things in general, knows what is going on, or understands what another speaker has just said. It cannot, however, be used for understanding a language or understanding a person. Similarly, maSop we eat can be used to indicate a general act of eating, but not if a specific food is mentioned.
The remaining prefixes combine subject and object. Some of them are illustrated below, using the verb legh see.
| qalegh I see you | cholegh you see me them |
| vIlegh I see him/her/it/them | mulegh he/she/it sees me, them they see me |
| Salegh I see you (plural) | tulegh you (plural) see me |
| Dalegh you see him/her/it/them | Dulegh he/she/it sees you |
| julegh you see us | pIlegh we see you |
| legh he/she/it sees him/her/it/them, they see them | lulegh they see him/her/it |
Imperative prefixes
A special set of prefixes is used for imperatives, that is, verbs giving commands. Commands can be given only to you or you (plural).
| OBJECT | none | me | him/her/it | us | them |
| you | yI- | HI- | yI- | gho- | tI- |
| you (plural) | pe- | HI- | yI- | gho- | tI- |
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Note that, with one exception, the identical prefix is used regardless of whether the command is being given to one or more than one person. The single exception is when a command is given but there is no object. In such cases, a special prefix pe- is used to give a command to several people. Examples of the imperative prefixes follow. Exclamation points in the translation indicate that it is a command.
| yIQong sleep! | peQong (you plural) sleep! |
| HIqIp hit me! | ghoqIp hit us! |
| yIqIp hit him!/her/it! | tIqIp hit them! |
To indicate action directed against oneself in an imperative verb (e.g., tell yourself), the suffix -egh oneself is used along with yl- or pe- (see section 4.2.1).
Notational conventions
As a notational convention, prefixes indicating subject and object will be translated as subject-object; e.g., qa- I-you, DI- we-them. Imperative prefixes will be translated similarly, preceded by the word imperative: tI- imperative: you-them.
Also, prefixes which can refer to male, female, inanimate, singular, and/or plural (e.g., vI- I-him/her/it/them) will be translated correctly, but usually without giving all the options (e.g., I-him/her). This convention will also be used when translating verbs containing these prefixes; e.g., vIlegh I see him/her.
Verb suffixes
There are nine types of verb suffixes.
Type 1: Oneself/one another
-egh oneself
This suffix is used to indicate that the action described by the verb affects the performer of the action, the subject. It is translated by English self When this suffix is used, the prefix set indicating “no object” must also be used.
jIqIp’egh I hit myself (qIp hit)
bIqIp’egh you hit yourself
qIp’egh he/she hits himself/herself
It is also possible to use this suffix with imperative verbs. As with nonimperatives, the prefix indicating “no object” must be used.
yIja”egh tell yourself! (ja’ tell)
peja”egh tell yourselves!
-chuq one another
This suffix is used only with plural subjects. It is translated each other or one another. The prefix set indicating “no object” is also used when this suffix is used.
maqIpchuq we hit each other (qIp hit)
SuqIpchuq you (plural) hit each other
qIpchuq they hit each other
peqIpchuq hit each other!
