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lo’	(verb)		use
-laH	(5)		can, able
-be’	(rover)		not
jISaHbe’ I don’t care (which of several courses of action is followed)
jI-	(prefix)		I
SaH	(verb)		care, be concerned about
-be’	(rover)		not
qay’be’ it’s not a problem, no problem (exclamation)
0	(prefix)		it
qay’	(verb)		be a problem, be a hassle
-be’	(rover)		not

 

The roving nature of -be’ is best illustrated in the following set of words.

 

choHoHvIp you are afraid to kill me

choHoHvIpbe’ you are not afraid to kill me

choHoHbe’vIp you are afraid to not kill me

 

 

cho-	(prefix)	you-me
HoH	(verb)	kill
-vIp	(2)	afraid
-be’	(rover)	not

 

In the second word, the negated notion is afraid (that is, not afraid), and -be’ follows -vIp. In the third word, the negated notion is kill (that is, not kill), so -be’ follows HoH.

The suffix -be’ cannot be used with imperative verbs. For imperatives, the following suffix is required.

 

-Qo’ don’t!, won’t

This negative suffix is used in imperatives and to denote refusal.

 

yIja’Qo’ don’t tell him/her!
yI-	(prefix)			imperative: you-him/her
ja’	(verb)			tell
-Qo’	(rover)			don’t!
choja’Qo’chugh if you won’t tell me, if you refuse to tell me
cho-	(prefix)			you-me
Ja’		(verb)	tell
-Qo’		(rover)	won’t
-chugh		(9)	if
HIHoHvIpQo’ don’t be afraid to kill me!
HI-		(prefix)	imperative: you-me
HoH		(verb)	kill
-vIp		(2)	afraid
-Qo’		(rover)	don’t!

 

Unlike -be’, the position of -Qo’ does not change: it occurs last, unless followed by a Type 9 suffix. Nevertheless, it is considered a rover because it is the imperative counterpart to -be’.

-Ha’ undo

This negative suffix implies not merely that something is not done (as does -be’), but that there is a change of state: something that was previously done is now undone. For convenience, it will here be translated as undo, but it is closer to the English prefixes mis-, de-, dis- (as in misunderstand, demystify, disentangle). It is also used if something is done wrongly. Unlike -be’, -Ha’ can be used in imperatives.

 

chenHa’moHlaH it can destroy them
0	(prefix)			it-them
chen	(verb)			take form
-Ha’	(rover)			undo
-moH		(4)	cause
-laH		(5)	can, able

 

This verb actually means something like it can cause them to undo their form.

 

yIchu’Ha’ disengage it! (e.g., cloaking device)
YI-		(prefix)	imperative: you-it
Chu’		(verb)	engage, activate
-Ha’		(rover)	undo
bljatlhHa’chugh if you say the wrong thing
		bI-	(prefix)		you
		jatlh	(verb)		say
	-Ha’			(rover)	undo
	-chugh			(9)	if

 

This shows how -Ha’ can be used in the sense of wrongly. The word might be translated as if you misspeak. Using -be’ (that is, bljatlh- be’chugh) would mean if you don’t speak.

 

Do’Ha’ it is unfortunate
0	(prefix)	it
-Do’	(verb)	be lucky, fortunate
-Ha’	(rover)	undo

 

The use of -Ha’ in this sentence suggests a turn of luck from good to bad.

 

It is interesting that -Ha’ always occurs right after the verb. It is not known why Klingon grammarians insist on calling it a rover. It was felt best not to argue with Klingon tradition, however, so -Ha’ is here classified as a rover.

 

-qu’ emphatic

This suffix emphasizes or affirms whatever immediately precedes it.

 

yIHaghqu’ study him/her well
yI-	(prefix)	imperative: you-him/her
Hagh	(verb)	study
-qu’	(rover)	emphatic
nuQaw’qu’be’ they have not finished us off
nu-	(prefix)		they-us
Qaw’	(verb)		destroy
-qu’	(rover)		emphatic
-be’	(rover)		not

 

The roving nature of -qu’ can be seen in the following set:

 

pIHoHvIpbe’qu’ we are NOT afraid to kill you

pIHoHvIpqu’be’ we are not AFRAID to kill you

pIHoHqu’vIpbe’ we are not afraid to KILL you

 

pl-	(prefix)	we-you
HoH	(verb)	kill
-vIp	(2)	afraid

 

-be’	(rover)	not
-qu’	(rover)	emphatic

 

The first word above might be used after an enemy challenged the bravery of the speaker. The second might be followed by an explanation such as, “We are not willing to kill you because we require your services.” The third word would be used to emphasize killing, as opposed to some other form of punishment.

 

The rover -qu’ also follows verbs when they are used adjectivally (section 4.4).

 

Adjectives

There are no adjectives as such in Klingon. Those notions expressed as adjectives in English (such as big, tired) are expressed by verbs in Klingon (be big, be tired). A verb expressing a state or quality can be used immediately following a noun to modify that noun.

 

puq Doy’ tired child

puq child

Doy’ be tired

Dujmey tIn big ships

Dujmey ships, vessels

tIn be big

The rover -qu’ emphatic (section 4.3) may follow verbs functioning adjectivally. In this usage, it is usually translated very.

 

Dujmey tInqu’ very big ships

  wanI’ ramqu’ a very unimportant event

wanI’ event, occurrence

ram be trivial, unimportant

If a Type 5 noun suffix is used (section 3.3.5), it follows the verb, which, when used to modify the noun in this way, can have no other suffix except the rover -qu’ emphatic. The Type 5 noun suffix follows -qu’.

veng tInDaq in the big city

veng city

tIn be big

-Daq locative

veng tInqu’Daq in the very big city

 

OTHER KINDS OF WORDS

By far the bulk of Klingon words are nouns and verbs. There are a few others which, probably as an expedient, Klingon grammarians lump together in a group called chuvmey leftovers. It is possible to classify the chuvmey somewhat.

 

Pronouns

In addition to possessive suffixes for nouns (section 3.3.4) and pronominal prefixes for verbs (section 4.1), there is a set of nine pronouns which are independent words.

 

jIH I, me	maH we, us
soH you	tlhIH you (plural)
ghaH he/she, him/her	chaH they, them
’oH it	bIH they, them
’e’ that
net that

 

The pronoun chaH they is used when it refers to a group of be- ings capable of using language; otherwise, bIH they is used. The pronouns ’e’ and net are used only in special sentence constructions (see section 6.2.5). There is no grammatical gender in Klingon. Third-person singular pronouns can be translated he or she as context dictates. Pronouns may be used as nouns, but only for emphasis or added clarity. They are not required. Thus, the following sets of sentences are all grammatically correct.

 

yaS vIlegh jIH	I see the officers.
yaS vIlegh
jIH mulegh yaS	The officer sees me.
mulegh yaS

GhaH vIlegh jIH

I see him/her.

GhaH vIlegh

 

VIlegh jIH

 

VIlegh

 

(yaS officer, vIlegh I see him/her, mulegh he/she sees me)

     

 

The final two sentences (vIlegh jIH, vIlegh) are in fact ambiguous. They could equally well mean I see them. (The verb prefix vI- is either I–him/her or I–them.) If context does not make it clear which meaning is intended, pronouns can be used:

 

 

ghaH vIlegh I see him/her.

chaH vIlegh I see them.

 

Pronouns are not used in possessive constructions in the way nouns are; instead, the set of possessive noun suffixes is used (section 3.3.4).

 

Finally, pronouns can be used as verbs, in the sense of “I am,” etc. (See section 6.3).

 

Numbers

  Klingon originally had a ternary number system; that is, one based on three. Counting proceeded as follows: 1, 2, 3; 3+1, 3+2, 3+3; 2×3+1, 2×3+2, 2×3+3; 3×3+1, 3×3+2, 3×3+3; and then it got complicated. In accordance with the more accepted practice, the Klingon Empire sometime back adopted a decimal number system, one based on ten. Though no one knows for sure, it is likely that this change was made more out of concern for understanding the scientific data of other civilizations than out of a spirit of cooperation.

 

 The Klingon numbers are:

 

1 wa’

2 cha’

3 wej

4 loS

5 vagh

6 jav

7 Soch

8 chorgh

9 Hut

10 wa’maH

Higher numbers are formedg by adding special number-forming elements to the basic set of numbers (1–9). Thus, wa’maH ten consists of wa’ one plus the number-forming element for ten, maH. Counting continues as follows:

 

11	wa’maH wa’	(that is, ten and one)
12	wa’maH cha’	(that is, ten and two)
etc.

 

Higher numbers are based on maH ten, vatlh hundred, and SaD or SanID thousand. Both SaD and SanID are equally correct for thousand, and both are used with roughly equal frequency. It is not known why this number alone has two variants.

 

20		cha’maH	(that is, two tens)
30		wejmaH	(that is, three tens)
etc.
100		wa’vatlh	(that is, one hundred)
200		cha’vatlh	(that is, two hundreds)
etc.
1,000	wa’SaD or wa’SanID		(that is, one thousand)
2,000	cha’SaD or cha’SanID		(that is, two thousands)
etc.

 

Numbers are combined as in English:

 

5,347 vaghSad wejvatlh loSmaH Soch or