Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The basic elements of any ordinary structure are the floors and roof, columns and walls, and bracing or rigid connections used to give the structure stability.

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2. A simple single-story structure might consist of a reinforced-concrete slab laid directly on the ground.

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3. Each structural material has a particular weight-to-strength ratio, cost, and durability.

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4. The basic elements of the steel skeleton frame are vertical columns, horizontal girders spanning the longer distance between columns, and beams spanning shorter distances.

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Translate the sentences into English.

1. Простое одноэтажное здание может состоять из бетонной плиты, которую размещают непосредственно на земле, внешних каменных стен, которые поддерживаются плитой и крышей.

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2. В каждом здании есть как несущие, так и не несущие стены.

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3. Если несущие стены являются основополагающими и располагаются точно по проекту, то не несущие стены могут быть расположены вольно и многократно.

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4. При строительстве зданий могут быть использованы различные строительные материалы: бетон, кирпич, железо, композиции бетона и железа и т.д.

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3. Answer the question:

1. What buildings elements are used in structures?

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2. What is the most common type of nonload-bearing wall?

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3. What does it consist of?

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4. What materials is exterior skin made of?

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5. What materials are also used for facades?

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6. What traditional methods of partitioning does a building interior include?

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7. What materials are used?

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8. What does environmental control include?

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9. What equipment and systems are installed in buildings? Why?

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10. Where are they installed?

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11. What can you say about the electrical power required in buildings?

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12. What does the term "vertical transportation" mean?

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13. Why must buildings have a piped-in water supply?

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14. What devices do you know to dispose of wet and dry wastes?

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15. What is the usual method of carrying away waterborne waste?

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16. What is new technology aimed at?

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Which of these statements are true / false?

It is true that....

It is not true that....

1. The major elements of a building include only the foundation and the structure.

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2. The foundation supports the building and provides stability.

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3. The structure includes elevators, escalators, and stairways.

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4. The exterior walls may or may not be part of the primary supporting structure.

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5. The interior partitions supports all the imposed loads and transmits them to the foundation.

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6. The environmental-control systems includes acoustical systems.

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7. The vertical transportation systems may or may not be part of the primary structure.

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8. Communications may include such subsystems as intercommunications, public address, and closed-circuit television, as well as the more usual telephone-wiring systems.

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9. The power includes the heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, lighting.

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5. Continue the following sentences:

1. The foundation is ______________________________________________

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2. The structure is ________________________________________________

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3. The exterior walls are ___________________________________________

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4. The interior partitions ___________________________________________

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5. The environmental-control systems ________________________________

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6. The vertical transportation systems _________________________________

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7. Communications _______________________________________________

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8. The power system ______________________________________________

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9. The water supply system _________________________________________

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10. The waste disposal system _______________________________________

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Give your opinion on the topic

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7. Give a short summary of the text.

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Give annotation of the text

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Of all the arts architecture most vividly reveals the life of time, its social, economic, aesthetic and technological attitude to building techniques. The historian needs only glance at the new buildings to appreciate that within rather a short period of time our architects, designers, engineers and builders have been captivated by fresh forms, fresh materials and fresh techniques.

Everything taken together illustrates that the building technology has made more progress in the last twenty years than in the previous forty or fifty. The new technology is exemplified by a selection of outstanding buildings that show how the traditional building is rapidly being superseded by structures of factory-made components fastened together. The new techniques have logically led to new forms.

Architects have done some very good work in designing new houses. They are planning standard 9, 12 and 16-storey buildings with three and four-roomed family flats. Many of these houses are built out of prefabricated ferro-concrete blocks and panels. It means that as much of the building work as possible is done not on the building site but in factories where mass production methods can be used.

Today mass construction of dwelling-houses and public and cultural establishments has top priority in every city. Many production lines for large panels have been built in our- country. Mass housing construction would not be possible if there were no such production lines and other advanced methods. Present-day housing projects are essentially different from those of former years.

Moscow today has an adequate building materials industry, which facilitates rapid building' and the use of new prefabricated section assembly methods. A countless number of new buildings and sky-scrapers have come into existence in the centre of Moscow as well as in the new suburbs.

Houses are like people: young or old, interesting or not. With houses, as with people this can apply both to their outward appearance and to their history.

There is a house in Moscow, in Bolshaya Gruzinskaya, which cannot be seen from the street now, as a large and very ordinary apartment block has been built in front of it. The old, single-storey house seems now out of place beside this massive building, but there was time when it held a dominating position in this district and could be seen from afar.

The house was built at the end of the 18th century, and like many edifices of that time, had a six-column portico along its facade. In 1812 this house was saved by some miracle from burning to the ground. The charred wall was plastered in due course, and the house was as good as new.

At one time this house had belonged to Vladimir Ivanovich Dal, the famous lexicographer and writer. Vladimir Dal was one of the most popular men of his day. A contemporary of Pushkin, lie was well acquainted with the great poet. It was Dal, a surgeon by profession, who attended Pushkin in his last hours, and to him Pushkin gave his talisman-ring as a keepsake.

As a personality and a specialist Dal was amazingly versatile and his knowledge was truly encyclopedic. Still, his greatest contribution to Russian culture was his Dictionary of the Modern Great Russian Language in four volumes published in 1866, which had taken him more than fifty years to compile.

The house stood in peace for almost a century until the first Russian Revolution in 1905 when it found itself in a zone of heavy artillery bombardment. In the Second World War a bomb fell right into the courtyard of the house but by a miracle, failed to explode.

The house was restored after the war.

Two details of historical interest were left unprepared in the restored building: a bit of the original 18th century log structure, and a part of the wall that was charred in the fires of 1812.

This house is the Dal Museum nowadays.

New vocabulary:

to reveal the life of time – быть свидетелем         to make more progress - улучшать

своей эпохи                                                             mass production methods – методы массового производства

a countless number – бесчисленное множество adequate building materials industry – производство

building site – стройка                                             соответствующих строительных материалов

to come into existence – возникнуть                        fresh forms and materials – новые формы и материалы

standard buildings – обычные здания                     ferro-concrete blocks – железо - бетонные блоки

production line – конвейер                                        advanced methods – прикладные методы