V. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the predicates in the subordinate clauses.

Черединова О.В.

 

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

По английскому языку

для студентов стоматологического факультета

 

 

 

2017 г.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

                                                                                                

Lesson 12. Словообразование, придаточные предложения условия и времени

          Dental Caries                                                                                     58

Lesson 13. Словообразование, причастие I и II, неполные придаточные предложения

          Periodontal Disease                                                                            63

Lesson 14. 4 формы глагола и их функции, модальные глаголы

          Dental Cracks                                                                                      68

Lesson 15. Цепочки существительных, функции глагола to have, конструкция

        there is/are

          Pulp Involvement                                                                                73

Lesson 16. Усилительная конструкция, сложное подлежащее

          Alveolar Pyorrhea                                                                                    78

Lesson 17. Сложное подлежащее, функции слова since

          Congenital Anomalies                                                                         84

Lesson 18. Слова заменители, вопросительные предложения

          Traumatic Injuries of the Teeth                                                           88

Lesson 19. Формы глагола в активном и пассивном залоге, степени сравнения

          Traumatic Diseases of the Jaws                                                            92

Lesson 20. Сложное дополнение

          Infectious Diseases of the Jaws                                                           96

Lesson 21. Функции инфинитива

          Orthodontia                                                                                         100

Lesson 22. Самостоятельный причастный оборот

          Sources of Oral Sepsis                                                                        104

Lesson 23. Функции форм -ing forms

        Age Changes of the Teeth                                                                    107

Lesson 24. Предлоги и союзы, функции слова those

          Oral Diseases of the Elderly                                                                112

Lesson 25. Самостоятельный причастный оборот, неполные придаточные предложения,

          способы отрицания

Habits                                                                                                   116

Texts for Supplementary Reading                                                                     120

 

Lesson 12

Грамматика: словообразование, придаточные предложения условия и времени

 

Dental Caries

I. Read the following words and word combinations of the Greek and Latin origin and give their Russian equivalents:

multiplication of bacteria [,mAltipli’keiSqn qv bqk’tiqriq], process [‘prousis], enzyme system [‘enzQim], prevention and control [pri’venSn], resistance of dentin [rq’zistqns], disintegrative mechanism [dis’intigrqtiv ‘mekqnizm], initiation [I,niSi’eiSqn], oral prophylaxes [,prOfi’lqeksis]

II. Learn the following words:

concept [‘kOnsqpt] - понятие

close [klous] - близкий, тесный

to obtain [qb’tein] - получать, приобретать

foodstuffs [‘fHdstAfs] - продукты питания

to dissolve [di’zOlv] - растворять

saliva [sq’lQivq] - слюна

by means of [mJnz] - с помощью, посредством

decay [di’kei] - гниение, разложение

intermittent [,inte’mitqnt] -  прерывистый

available [q’veilqbl] - доступный, в наличии

in the absence [‘qebsqns] - при отсутствии

nutrient [‘njHtriqnt] - питательное вещество

lesion [lJZqn] - повреждение

to retard [ri’tRd] - задерживать, замедлять

deposit [di’pOzit] - отложение, осадок

to afford [q’fLd] - позволять себе

III. Read and translate the following word combinations:

close contact with the tooth surface, foodstuffs dissolved in the saliva, multiplication of bacteria, enzyme system, end-products, dental decay, availability of foodstuffs, life processes, appearance of new lesions, limited time

 

IV. Read and translate the words paying attention to their suffixes:

substance, intensity, effective, protection, activity, dental, growth, dissolved, completely, nourishment, availability, limited, resistance, appearance, intermittently, absence

 

VI. Read and translate the following sentences.

1. Если у вас заболит зуб, вам придется обратиться к стоматологу.

2. Если стоматолог осмотрит ваш зуб и решит, что его можно вылечить, он поставит пломбу.

3. Хирург удалит зуб, если его невозможно будет вылечить.

4. Перед тем как хирург удалит зуб, он введет вам обезболивающее.

5. Если вам понадобятся протезы или мосты, вам нужно будет проконсультироваться с протезистом.

6. Если вы не будете соблюдать сбалансированную диету, у вас может появиться кариес или заболевание десен.

 

VIII. Answer the questions.

1. Can bacteria in the mouth affect teeth?

2. Do oral bacteria affect teeth intermittently?

3. Where do oral bacteria get foodstuffs from?

4. Can dental decay occur in the absence of oral bacteria?

5. Do bad teeth permit the growth of bacteria?

6. What permits the growth of oral bacteria?

7. What conditions support caries activity?

8. Is thorough oral prophylaxis necessary?

9. What can reduce the intensity of caries activity?

 

XII. Read the text

1. Find the sentence which is true to the text.

a. The cavities are always dark.

b. Tooth decay is always asymptomatic.

c. The main source of fluoride is water, salt and toothpaste.

d. Antidepressants increase saliva production.

2. Find the sentence which is false.

a. Abscess formation may be one of the complications of caries.

b. To prevent caries brushing the teeth and flossing between the teeth is recommended.

c. Tooth decay may be associated with poverty.

d. The bacterial breakdown of the soft tissues in the mouth is the main cause of caries.

3. Answer the question.

What are the risk factors for caries?

4. Complete the sentence.

Drugs which are considered to be the risk factors for caries are …

5. Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions.

It is recommended by many to brush the teeth twice … day and floss … the teeth.

 

Text B. Dental caries

    Dental Caries also known as tooth decay is a breakdown of teeth due to activities of bacteria. The cavities may be a number of different colours from yellow to black. Symptoms may include pain and difficulty with eating. Complications may include inflammation of the tissue around the tooth, tooth loss, and infection or abscess formation. The cause of caries is bacterial breakdown of the hard tissues of the teeth (enamel, dentin and cementum). This occurs due to acid made from food debris or sugar on the tooth surface. Simple sugars in food are these bacteria primary energy source and thus a high diet in simple sugar is a risk factor. In mineral breakdown is greater than that built up from sources such as saliva, caries results. Risk factors include conditions that result in less saliva such as diabetes mellitus, Sogren’s syndrome and some medications. Medications that decrease saliva production include antihistamines and antidepressants. Caries is also associated with poverty, poor cleaning of the mouth, and receding gums resulting in exposure of the roots of the teeth.

    Prevention includes regular cleaning of the teeth, a diet low in sugar, and small amounts of fluoride. Brushing the teeth twice per day and flossing between the teeth once a day is recommended by many. Fluoride may be from water, salt or toothpaste among other sources. Treating a mother’s dental caries may decrease the risk in her children by decreasing the number of certain bacteria. Screening can result in earlier detection.

 

ROLE PLAY

Lesson 13

Грамматика: словообразование, функции причастия I и II (повторение), неполные придаточные предложения

 

Periodontal Disease

I. Read the words of the Latin and Greek origin and give their Russian equivalents:

archaeological [,Rkiq’lOGikql], evolution [evq’lHSn], pathogenesis [,pqeTq’Genisis], colonize [‘kOlqnQiz], epithelium [,epi’Teliqm], serous [‘siqrqs], gingiva [Gin’GQivq], proliferation [prou,lifq’reiSqn], lysis [‘lQisis], sulcus [‘sAlkqs], calculus [‘kqelkjulqs], regeneration [ri,Ginq’teiSqn], exudation [,ekskjH’deiSqn]

 

II. Learn the following words:

mankind [mqen’kQind] - человечество

to adhere [qd’hiq] - примыкать, прилегать

gingiva [Gin’GQivq] - десна

crest - гребень, выступ

sulcus [‘sAlkqs] - бороздка

pocket [‘pOkit] - (десневой) карман

proliferation [prou,lifq’reiSqn] - разрастание (клеток)

desquamation [,deskwq’meiSqn] - шелушение, отшелушивание

lysis [‘lQisis] - лизис, распад

deposit [di’pOzit] - отложение, осадок

calculus [‘kqelkjulqs] - камень

firm [fWm] - твердый, прочный

to remove [ri’mHv] - удалять (с поверхности)

plaque [plRk] - бляшка

doubt [dQut] - сомнение

to subside [sqb’sQid] - утихать, убывать, уменьшаться

to maintain [mein’tein] - поддерживать

attachment [q’tqeCmqnt] - прикрепление

to supervise [‘sjHpqvQiz] - наблюдать

adolescence [,qedou’lesns] - юность

to halt [hLlt] - останавливать

 

IX. Answer the questions.

1. What is the main cause of the tooth loss after 35 years of age?

2. What is periodontal disease caused by?

3. What changes occur because of the microorganisms in the mouth?

4. What is the most important therapeutic aim of a dentist?

5. What does preventive aim lie with?

6. How can periodontal disease be halted and healthy dentition achieved?

7. Have the effective anti-plaque agents been discovered yet?

 

XV. Case Analyses.

Fill in the table.

	Diagnosis	Prognosis	Treatment options	Further preventive measures
Periodontal disease

Discussion.

a. As far as you know periodontal disease affects 90% of all adults and causes 70% of all adult tooth loss. Do children have periodontal disease? If they do, what should be done to prevent it?

b. Today there is a growing debate regarding surgical versus non-surgical treatment of periodontal disease. Give your opinion.

 

	Advantages	Disadvantages
Non-surgical periodontal therapy
Surgical periodontal treatment

 

c. Is dental education important for patients? Why?

Lesson 14

Грамматика: 4 формы глагола и их функции, модальные глаголы (повторение)

 

Dental Cracks

I. Read the words of the Latin and Greek origin and give their Russian equivalents:

enamel and dentin [I’nqemql]

thermal stresses [‘TWmql]

cycling of temperatures [‘sQikliN]

expansion coefficient [iks’pqenSqn,kouq’fiSqnt]

restorative work [ris’tLrqtiv]

frozen carbon dioxide [‘frouzqn ‘kRbqn dQi’OksQid]

in extreme cases [iks’trJm]

pain on mastication [,mqesti’keiSqn]

sensitivity [,sensi’tiviti]

fluorescent oil [fluq’resnt oil]

pressure [‘prqeSq]

ultraviolet light [,Altrq’vQiqlit lQit]

 

II. Learn the following words:

crack - трещина

expansion [iks’pqenSqn] - расширение

couple [kApl] - пара

to clench the teeth - стискивать зубы

to grind the teeth - скрежетать зубами

to split (split) - трескаться, ломаться

complete [kqm’plJt] - полный, законченный

fracture [‘frqekCq] - перелом

mastication [,mqesti’keiSqn] - жевание

sweet food - сладкая пища

sour food [sQuq] - кислая пища

beverage [‘bevqriG] - напиток

to chew [CH] - жевать

to propose [prq’pouz] - предлагать

to apply [q’plQi] - применять, прикладывать

oil [oil] - масло, мазь

to polish [‘pOliS] - полировать

excess [ik’ses] - излишек

water jet [Get] - струя воды

visible [‘vizibl] - видимый

onlay [‘Onlei] - накладка

to prefer [pri’fW] - предпочитать

preferable [‘prefqrqbl] - предпочтительный

 

III. Find the synonymous words:

mastication         apply

in addition to      changes

beverage             occur

frequently           therapy

cycling                carry out

use                       often

treatment              besides

develop                drink

perform               chewing

 

IV. Give the antonyms to the following words:

new, cold, complete, effective, visible

V. Give three forms of the verbs:

to have, to prefer, to eat, to develop, to be, to find, to do, to perform, to make, to study, to complain, to split

XII. Answer the questions.

1. Why do cracks in the enamel and dentin develop?

2. What process helps to crack the enamel?

3. What deepens the cracks?

4. What happens when the cracks involve the pulp?

5. In the molars of what patients are the cracks most frequently formed?

6. What did the researchers find in reviewing 100 cases?

7. What did they find in reviewing 150 patients?

8. What new method was proposed by a group of scientists?

9. Are the cracks visible under a surgical microscope?

10. What does the treatment of cracks consist of?

11. When is the treatment effective?

12. When should endodontic therapy be performed?

XIII. Translate the following word combinations:

трещины эмали и дентина, смена температур, разный коэффициент расширения, привычка стискивать зубы и скрежетать зубами, сухой лед, в крайнем случае, частичный (неполный) перелом, боль при жевании, сладкая и кислая пища, реакция (чувствительность) на холодное и горячее, алкогольные напитки, чистка и полировка зубной поверхности, видимые трещины, накладывать мазь, удалять излишек мази

Lesson 15

Грамматика: цепочки существительных, функции to have ( повторение),оборот there is

Pulp Involvement

I. Read the words of the Latin and Greek origin and give their Russian equivalents:

odontoblastic process [ou,dOntq’blqestik]

degenerative [di’Genqrqtiv]

chronic hyperemia [‘krOnik hQipq’rJmiq]

clinician [kli’niSn]

bacterial toxins [bqk’tiqriql ‘tOksinz]

chronic pulpitis [‘krOnik pql’pQitis]

necrosis [nik’rousis]

gangrene [‘gqengrJn]

subpyogenic [sAb,pQiq’Genik]

microorganism [,mQikrq’Lgqnizm]

extirpation [,ekstW’peiSqn]

virulent [‘virulqnt]

edema [I’dJmq]

pulpotomy [pAl’pOtqmi]

procedure [prq’sJGq]

termination [,tWmi’neiSn]

drainage [‘dreiniG]

sterilization [,sterilQi’zeisqn]

 

II. Learn the following words:

to evoke [I’vouk] - вызывать

mild [mQild] - слабый, легкий

moderate [‘mOdqrit] - средний, умеренный

to reach [rJC] - достигать, добиваться

to disturb [dis’tWb] - беспокоить, нарушать

disturbance - беспокойство, нарушение

to respond [ris’pOnd] - реагировать, отвечать

response - реакция, ответ

to injure [‘inGq] - повреждать

injury [‘inGqri] - повреждение

purulent [‘pjuqrulqnt] - гнойный

attempt [q’tempt] - попытка

to heal [hJl] - излечивать, заживлять

to require [ri’kwQiq] - требовать

extirpation [,ekstW’peiSqn] - удаление

exacerbation [eks,qesW’beiSqn] - обострение, усиление

value [‘vqelju] - значение

relief [ri’lJf] - облегчение, помощь

 

III. Read and translate the following word combinations:

wide apical pulp canal, partial chronic pulpitis pulpotomy, remaining pulp tissue, a root canal filling, prosthetic dentistry department, the involved tooth surface, decreased saliva flow, difficult plaque removal, root surface caries

 

IV. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the functions of the verb to have.

1. The pus and remaining pulp tissue have to be removed and the root canal sterilized.

2. Root surface caries occurs most frequently in older patients who have had gingival recession.

3. It’s better to have professional hygienic cleaning of teeth regularly.

4. The question “Have you had many fillings done?” may lead the patient to explain that most teeth have been restored.

5. Some patients may have an urgent problem such as pain or trauma.

6. The dentist may ask whether most of the fillings are old and whether they have to be replaced regularly.

 

VIII. Answer the questions.

1. When do pulp changes occur?

2. How do bacterial toxins enter the pulp?

3. What is chronic pulpitis?

4. How is chronic pulpitis treated?

5. What is acute pulpitis characterized by?

6. When may acute pulpitis occur?

7. What treatment is recommended for acute pulpitis?

 

IX. Give Greek-Latin terms for the following definitions:

the process of the teeth development

extirpation of the pulp

inflammation of the pulp

excess of blood

causing the development of pus

poison

 

Lesson 16

Грамматика: усилительная конструкция и функции it, сложное подлежащее (повторение)

 

Alveolar Pyorrhea

I. Read the words of the Latin and Greek origin and give their Russian equivalents:

alveolar pyorrhea [,pQiq’riq]

destructive process [dis’trAktiv]

diabetes [,dQiq’bJtis]

hepatopathia [,hepq’tOpqTi]

endocrine dysfunction [‘endoukrQin]

etiologic factor [,Jtiq’lOGik]

accelerate [qek’selqreit]

hormone [‘hLmoun]

systemic therapy [‘Terqpi]

thyroid [‘TQiroid]

parotid [pq’rOtid]

biological action [,bQiq’lOGikql]

dystrophy [‘distrqfi]

mesenchymal tissues [,mqsin’kJmql]

injection [in’GekSqn]

II. Learn the following words:

among [q’mAN] - среди

morbidity [mL’biditi] - боль, болезненность

to clarify [‘klqerifQi] - вносить ясность

onset [‘Onsqt] - начало; приступ

to diminish [di’miniS] - уменьшать, понижать

to recur [ri’kW] - рецидивировать, возвращаться

undesirable [Andq’ziqrqbl] - нежелательный

in order to [‘Ldq] - для того чтобы

to avoid [q’void] - избегать

pituitary [pi’tjHitqri] - гипофиз

exact [I’gzqekt] - точный

relevant [‘relivqnt] - уместный

stream [strJm] - поток

content [‘kOntqnt] - содержание, содержимое

to infer [in’fW] - означать; делать вывод, заключать

IX. Answer the questions.

1. What is alveolar pyorrhea?

2. is its mechanism for development fully clarified?

3. What diseases can alveolar pyorrhea be complicated with?

4. How are etiologic factors in alveolar pyorrhea usually classified?

5. What drugs are used in so-called “systemic therapy”?

6. What hormones are effective in the well indicated cases?

7. What hormone was proved to have a strong biological action on the teeth, periodontal tissues and alveolar bones?

8. How does the injection of proper dosage of hormone act?

 

XIV. Test for self-control.

1. Укажите соответствия

а. старение                       a. germination

б. истирание                        b. wear

в.обнажение                    c. fusion

г. износ                             d. senescence

д. слияние                        e. abrasion

е. раздвоение                    f. exposure

ж. сращение                      g. concrescence

2. Укажите лишнее по смыслу слово

a. congenital b. developed c. violent d. hereditary

3. Укажите слово, которое является названием болезни

a. incidence b. measles c. pregnancy  d. violence

4. Укажите соответствия

a. brittle           a. достаточный

b. severe          b. болезненный

c. tender           c. распространенный, частый

d. sufficient      d. сильный, тяжелый

e. common       e. хрупкий, ломкий

5. Укажите соответствия

a. перелом         a. supporation

b. вывих             b. wear

c. износ              c. fracture

d. хрупкость      d. luxation

e. нагноение      e. fragility

6. Вставьте в предложение соответствующий предлог

The patient complains … severe pain.

7. Вставьте в предложение соответствующий предлог

Periostitis due … trauma is generally localized.

8. Укажите пары соответствующих по смыслу слов

a. advanced                 a. formation

b. nursing                     b. work

c. slight                        c. cases

d. mineral                     d. mothers

e. plaque                       e. pain

f. restorative                 f. deposits

9. Укажите правильный перевод предложения

Пациент хотел, чтобы ему ввели обезболивающее.

a. The patient wanted that he is given an anesthetic.

b. The patient wanted to give an anesthetic.

c. The patient wanted that he will given an anesthetic.

d. The patient wanted to be given an anesthetic.

10. Укажите правильный перевод предложения

Мы слышали, что он перенес серьезную операцию.

a. We heard he undergo a serious operation.

b. We heard him undergone a serious operation.

c. We heard him to undergo a serious operation.

d. We heard him underwent a serious operation.

11. Укажите термин, который обозначает воспаление языка

a. stomatitis  b. glossitis   c gingivitis   d. periostitis    e. pyorrhea

12. Укажите предложение с самостоятельным причастным оборотом

a. Becoming infected by microbes, the periodontal tissues may be affected by abscess.

b. The periodontal tissues becoming infected by microbes, may be affected by abscess.

c. The periodontal tissues becoming infected, alveolar abscess develops.

d. Alveolar abscess develops in periodontal tissues, becoming infected.

13. Укажите предложение, в котором союз if переводится как «ли».

a. Ann acute abscess eventually turns into a chronic one if it not treated.

b. The doctor asked the patient’s relatives if they understood how serious the situation was.

c. The tooth has to be extracted if the treatment fails to help.

d. The patient should consult a dentist if any problems arise.

14. Закончите предложение

 The patient does not have wisdom teeth …

a. neither in the maxilla nor in the mandible

b. either in the maxilla or in the mandible

c. neither in the maxilla or in the mandible

d. not in the maxilla nor in the mandible

 

Lesson 17

Грамматика:сложное подлежащее (повторение), функции слова since

Congenital Anomalies

I. Read and give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations of the Latin-Greek origin:

radiation [,reidi’eiSqn]

intoxication [in,tOksi’keiSqn]

anoxia [q’nOksiq]

different agents [‘eiGqnts]

vitamin deficiency [‘vitqmin dq’fiSqnsi]

geographical location [‘Giq’grqefikql]

association [q,sousi’eiSqn]

gestation [dges’teiSqn]

infant [‘infqnt]

intervention [,intq’venSqn]

 

II. Learn the following words:

congenital [kqn’Genitql] - врожденный

hereditary [hi’reditqri] - наследственный

similar [‘similq] - подобный, похожий

cleft palate [‘pqelit] - волчья пасть

pregnancy [‘pregnqnsi] - беременность

cleft lip - заячья губа

measles [‘mJzlz] - корь

gestation [dges’teiSqn] - беременность

fetus [‘fJtqs] - плод

prevalence [‘prevqlqns] - преобладание

incidence [‘insidqns] - частотность, частота случаев

hazard [‘hqezqd] - опасность

failure [‘feiliq] - неспособность, неудача

nursing nipple [‘nWsiN] - соска

Lesson 18

Грамматика: слова-заменители, вопросительные предложения (повторение)

XI. Case Analyses

 

Lesson 19

Грамматика: формы активного и пассивного залога, степени сравнения прилагательных (повторение)

 

Lesson 20

Грамматика: сложное дополнение

 

Lesson 21

Грамматика: функции инфинитива

 

Orthodontia

I. Read and give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations of the Latin-Greek origin:

orthodontia [,LTq’dOnSq]

correction of malocclusion [,mqelO’klHZqn]

potent factor [‘poutqnt]

balance and harmony [‘bqelqns qnd ‘hRmqni]

intelligently [in’teliGqntli]

pathology of structures [pq’TOlqGi]

periodontal membrane [‘membrein]

 

II. Learn the following words:

indissolubly [,indi’sOljubli] - неразрывно, прочно

potent [‘poutqnt] - мощный

to require [ri’kwQiq] - требовать

complement [‘kOmplimqnt] - комплект, набор

attachment [q’tqeCmqnt] - прикрепление

purpose [‘pWpqs] - цель

to serve [sWv] - служить

chief [CJf] - главный, основной

to intend [in’tend] - намереваться, предназначать

to incline [in’klQin] - наклонять

plane - плоскость, проекция

perversion [pq’vWSqn] - отклонение (от нормы)

intelligently [in’teliGqntli] - разумно

familiar [fq’miliq] - знакомый, близкий

fruitful [‘frHtfql] - плодотворный

powerful [‘pQuqfql] - сильный, мощный

to maintain [mein’tein] - поддерживать

III. Read and translate the words with the same root:

potent – potency, require – requirement, attach – attachment, serve – service, beauty – beautiful, large – largely, depend – dependence, chief – chiefly, intend – intention, power – powerful, fruit – fruitful, connect – connection - connected

 

IV. Read the words, define their parts of speech and translate them:

largely, relation, feature, complement, occlusal, attachment, designed, namely, perversion, familiar, denture, importance, passage, powerful, development, collective

Lesson 22

Грамматика: самостоятельный причастный оборот

 

Sources of Oral Sepsis

I. Read and give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations of the Latin-Greek origin:

oral sepsis [‘sepsis]

dentinal matrix [‘dentinql ‘meitriks]

localized or general [‘loukqlQizd L ‘Generql]

gangrenous products [‘gqengrinqs]

alkaloidal substance [,qelkq’loidql]

decomposition [,dJkOmpq’ziSqn]

toxemia [tOk’sJmiq]

rational method [‘reiSqnql]

stomatitis [,stOmq’tQitis]

glossitis [glO’sQitis]

gingivitis [,Gingi’vQitis]

 

II. Learn the following words:

to dissolve [di’zOlv] - растворять

no doubt [‘dQut] - без сомнения

suppuration [,sApjuq’reiSqn] - нагноение

pyogenic [,pQiq’Genik] - гноеродный

carbon dioxide [‘kRbqn dQi’OksQid] - углекислый газ

hydrogen [‘hQidriGqn] - водород

to swallow [‘swOlou] - глотать

to expose [iks’pouz] - обнажать, подвергать

to decompose [,dJkqm’pouz] - разлагать, растворять

foramen [fO’reimqn] - отверстие, канал

to eliminate [i’limineit] - устранять, уничтожать

commencement [kq’mensmqnt] - начало

lesion [lJZn] - повреждение, поражение

to regard [ri’gRd] - рассматривать

 

Lesson 23

Грамматика: функции -ing форм

 

Age Changes of the Teeth

I. Read and give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations of the Latin-Greek origin:

status quo [‘steitqs kwou]

contrary [‘kOntrqri]

produce the process [prq’djHs, ‘prousqs]

transition [trqn’siZqn]

atrophied [‘qetrqfid]

precursor [pri’kWsq]

metaplasia [,metq’pleizjq]

modified [‘mOdifQid]

sclerosis [skliq’rousis]

hypercalcification [,hQipq,kqelsifi’keiSqn]

tendency [‘tendqnsi]

apical [‘qepikql]

cementoblast [si’mentqblqest]

lacuna [lq’kjHnq]

 

II. Learn the following words:

status quo - установленное состояние

on the contrary - наоборот

transition - перемещение

alteration [,Lltq’reiSqn] - изменение, деформация

to interfere [intq’fiq] - вмешиваться

to exaggerate [ig’zqeGqreit] - преувеличивать

to attend [q’tend] сопровождать

to undergo (underwent, undergone) - переносить, претерпевать

to cease [sJs] - прекращать, приостанавливать

precursor [prJ’kWsq] - предвестник

make-up - структура

arrangement [q’reinGmqnt]  - расположение, классификация

evidence [‘evidqns] - признак

maturation [,mqetjuq’reiSqn] - созревание

lumen [‘lHmqn] - просвет, полость

nodule [‘nO’djHl] - узелок

layer [‘leiq] - слой

to appose [qe’pouz] - присоединять

enclaved [‘enkleivd] - окруженный

lacuna (pl. lacunae) - впадина, углубление, пустота

tortuous [‘tLtjuqs] - скрученный, извилистый

extent [iks’tent] - степень

to distinguish [dis’tiNgwiS] - различать

physiological use - стираемость

 

III. Read the words, define their parts of speech and translate them:

affected, atrophic, demonstrate, transition, generally, exaggerated, complication, producing, precursor, stimulating, modified, easily, evidence, increased, especially, maturation, tendency, partly, various, interstitial, irregular, continuously, tortuous

VII. Answer the questions.

1. Do the teeth remain unchanged throughout life?

2. What are these changes produced by?

3. What does physiologic use produce if it is increased?

4. How is physiologic use of the teeth to be looked at?

5. What is the process of the formation of dentine and cementum characterized by?

6. Does enamel change its histologic structure?

7. What are changes of the dentin brought about?

8. What does the pulp show with the increasing age?

9. What about cementum?

10. What changes does the periodontal membrane undergo with age?

 

Lesson 24

Грамматика: предлоги и союзы, функции слова those

X. Answer the questions.

1. How must the elderly patients be treated?

2. Are the tissue regenerative potentials of the elderly usually lowered?

3. Are tissue changes due to specific disease processes?

4. What must a dentist follow in order to treat older ordinary patients?

5. What kind of help can a dentist give to a patient?

6. What must clinicians evaluate?

7. What is important for dentists to distinguish between complaints on an organic basis?

8. The clinician’s task is difficult, isn’t it?

9. It is especially important to follow elderly patients’ health, isn’t it?

10. What factors must be considered in treatment planning?

11. What should special attention be paid to in treatment planning?

 

XI. Fill in the gaps with the model verbs (can, may, must, should).

1. Dentists … not alter the effects of old age.

2. Doctors … assist the patients.

3. Dentistry … be practiced with due consideration.

4. Doctors … evaluate the patient’s complaints.

5. History and examination … include a consideration of the past and present systemic disease.

Lesson 25

Грамматика: самостоятельный причастный оборот, неполные придаточные предложения (повторение), способы отрицания

 

Habits

I. Read and give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations of the Latin-Greek origin:

category [‘kqetigqri]

obstruction [qb’strAkSqn]

oral physiology [‘Lrql]

anterior region [qen’tiqriq ‘rJGqn]

nasal [‘neizql]

capillary vasoconstriction [,vqesqkqn’strikSqn]

gingival [Gin’GQivql]

structural resistance [ri’zistqns]

hypotrophy [,hQipou’troufi]

condition [kqn’disqn]

allergy [‘qelqGi]

deformity [di’fLmiti]

spontaneous [spOn’teinjqs]

 

II. Learn the following words:

to breathe [brJD] - дышать

pure [‘pjuq] - чистый

habit [‘hqebit] - привычка

habitual [hq’bitjuql] - привычный

out of habits - по привычке

instead of [in’sted] - вместо (того, чтобы)

passage [‘pqesiG] - проход

lip - губа

to maintain [mein’tein] - поддерживать

closure [‘klouZq] - закрытие, смыкание

turbinate [tWbineit] - носовая раковина

deviated [‘dJvieitid] - искривленный

common [‘kOmqn] - частый, распространенный, обычный

susceptibility [sq,septi’biliti] - чувствительность

desiccated [‘desikeitid] - обезвоженный

malocclusion [mqelq’klHZqn] - неправильный прикус

relationship [ri’leiSqnship] - отношение, связь

opinion [q’pinjqn] - мнение

thumb-sucking [TAm’sAkiN] - сосание большого пальца

ill-effect [I’fekt] - вредное влияние

 

III. Read the words, define the parts of speech and translate them:

habitual, respiration, breather, nasal, passage, purely, closure, resistance, deviated, enlargement, enlarged, particularly, susceptibility, relationship, definitely, considerable, careful, displacement, deformity, spontaneous, effective, possible, equally, important

IV. Translate the following word combinations:

mouth breathing, obstruction of the nasal passages, to maintain closure of the lip, hypertrophy of the turbinates, deviated nasal septum, common condition, to disturb the usual oral physiology, gingival enlargement, anterior region, to increase the susceptibility, desiccated tissues, considerable opinion, the effect of thumb-sucking, slight displacement, to break the habit

History of Dentistry

Mesopotamia

Between 3500 and 3000 B.C. on the fertile plain between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers the Sumerians developed an advanced civilization. Many of their scripts on clay tablets have survived in the ruins of the royal library of the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal who lived in the 7^th century B.C. It is from these tablets that much of our knowledge of Mesopotamian medicine and dentistry is derived. As in primitive societies the medicine practiced in Mesopotamia was largely magical or religious in nature. Great emphasis was placed on divination especially by examination of the liver of a sacrificed sheep. it was believed that demons inhabiting the body were responsible for disease.

A high point for medicine and surgery came during the empire of Babylonia. For the first time physicians of a true sort treated diseases by drugs and by simple surgery. Among the clay tablets in Ashurbanipal’s library are a number devoted exclusively to diagnosis and prognosis and the state of the teeth was used as a means of determining the course and source of an illness.

 

India

Indian medicine was based on the notion that the 700 vessels of the human body carried in addition to blood three basic principles similar to the cardinal humors of Greek medicine. Any derangement of these would result in disease. A dislocated jaw, for example, was attributed to an inrush rather than to having opened the mouth too wide.

Most of the knowledge of early Indian dental treatment comes from the Sushruta (means Collection). Sushruta prescribed excision for fleshy growth of the palate, red tumors of the palate and tumors over the wisdom teeth. If a tumor grew on the gums or the tongue it was scarified or cauterized rather than excised.

Cautery was often the preferred remedy especially in diseases of the mouth. The surgeon used a specially designed iron whose flattened ovoid end was heated red hot. Hot fluids might also be used - honey, oil, or wax brought to the boiling point.

Fractures of the jaws were treated by complicated bandaging. Both medical and religious beliefs have done much to focus attention of an Indian upon his teeth. The Hindus consider the mouth the gateway to the body and therefore insist it to be kept scrupulously clean. The Brahmins, or priests, rub their teeth for about an hour while facing the rising sun reciting their prayers and invoking heaven’s blessing on themselves and their families. No devout Hindu will have breakfast without first cleaning his teeth, tongue and mouth for he believes that many ailments are caused by bad teeth.

The daily ritual is not confined to brushing the teeth. After the regular ablutions and evacuation the tongue is scraped with a specially designed instrument and the body is anointed with aromatic oil. Finally, the mouth is rinsed with concoctions of betel leaves, camphor, and cardamom, or other herbs. More than two millenniums ago Greek doctors were familiar with Indian mouth washes for bad breath.

China

    The Chinese were making significant contribution to human progress. It is not surprising, therefore, that dentistry was practiced early in China. there is evidence that the Chinese used arsenic to treat decayed teeth - probably to kill the pulp and relieve the pain of toothache - about the second century A.D. and they developed a silver amalgam for fillings more than a thousand years before dentists in the West. Other early writings indicate that full dentures were being constructed by the Chinese as early as the 12^th century.

When Marco Polo traveled to China in the 1270s he found in the province of Kardandan that “both men and women of this province have the custom of covering their teeth with thin pieces of gold which are fitted with great nicety to the shape of the teeth and remain on them continually”. Whether these gold plates served a cosmetic or a therapeutic purpose we do not know. Certainly, however, the technical ability to practice restorative dentistry existed in China in the 13^th century.

    In the field of oral medicine the Chinese also made definite contributions as long ago as the 1300s. One of their great diagnosticians described the whitish spots in the mouth that are the premonitory symptoms of measles.

    Oral surgery also has a long history in China. We read in an ancient monograph that a cleft lip was repaired in an operation performed during the Ch’in dynasty (255-206 B.C.) the earliest report of such surgery anywhere in the world. By the 17^th century A.D. Chinese surgeons were familiar with many diseases of the mouth and throat and undertook the treatment of such conditions as tonsillar abscesses and epitheliomas of the lips. And during the 18^th century further advances were made in understanding oral diseases and oral anatomy.

 

The Mayas

It is believed that the Indians of the Western Hemisphere arrived approximately 15,000 years ago having crossed over from Asia. The Mayas were skilled in placing beautifully carved stone inlays in carefully prepared cavities in the upper and lower anterior teeth and occasionally in the bicuspid teeth. These inlays were made of a variety of materials. There is no doubt that the cavities were prepared in living teeth.

The Mayas also filled their teeth in a variety of ways. It is probable that each design had a particular tribal or religious significance since more than fifty different patterns have been identified. The incisal edges of some teeth were filed with a single cut, some had double cuts, some had the distal portions of the edges removed leaving the mesial portions intact, and some were filed to points. There is strong evidence that the Mayas practiced in implantation of alloplastic (nonorganic) material in living persons.

 

The Egyptians

The practice of medicine in Egypt was clearly established as long as 4,600 years ago. Soon doctors began to specialize in healing certain parts of the body and certain organ systems.

The earliest dentist whose name we know is Hesi-Re who lived during the reign of Zoser. Further evidence that dental treatment was distinct from other aspects of medical treatment is found in the stele ordered by the Pharaoh Sahura as a gift to his favourite physician.

The Egyptians suffered from a variety of dental diseases and even the pharaohs were not immune to their ravages. It appears that extraction was the principle remedy for the relief of dental distress. It is also probable that early dentists drilled holes through the cortical plated of the jawbones in order to relieve the pressure of the purulent exudate associated with an abscessed tooth. A number of skulls thus drilled have been found, one of the earliest dating from the period of the Old Kingdom. It is apparent that the Egyptians were skilled in the use of the drill as can be seen in many of their tomb paintings.

One of the principle causes of dental disease among the early Egyptians was the coarse diet consumed by rich and poor alike. Severe wear of the occlusal surfaces of the teeth resulted in consequent pulp exposure and abscess or cyst formation.

Although there is no mention of surgical intervention for dental diseases, the Papyrus of the 17^th century B.C. cites numerous operations on fractures and dislocations of the mandible, compound, comminuted fractures of the maxilla, perforation of the zygoma, and laceration of the lip. Since forceps are so prominently pictured in various stela and wall carvings we can assume that extractions were indeed carried out.

Oral hygiene seem to have been given no thought by these ancient people. Though thousands of toilet and cosmetic articles have been excavated or found in tombs, no toothbrush or similar cleaning device has been discovered yet. Many skulls show severe accretions of tartar with consequent periodontal breakdown and bone loss. No attempt seems ever to have been made to remove these accumulations from the teeth.

    Many ancient skulls show evidence of trauma to the teeth. Malocclusion was also prevalent, with the pharaohs’ skulls showing particularly striking evidence of severe protrusion of the upper front teeth.

 

The Greeks

Toward the beginning of the 6^th century B.C. the developed comprehensive philosophical system of thought and the natural sciences and medicine were an outgrowth of Greek system. Medical schools came into being and the were flourishing by the middle of the5th century B.C. The general method of treatment was fairly formalized. The patient first relaxed took in the beauty of the surroundings and enriched his soul by attending theatrical performance. Then he would present himself to the priest who would give him a sleeping portion and direct him to a bed where he would fall into a fitful sleep.

In contrast to this system of practice is the Hippocratic methods probably the work of numerous early physicians are known collectively as the Hippocratic Corpus.

Scattered through the Hippocratic writings are numerous references to the teeth, their formation, eruption and to maladies of the teeth and mouth and methods of treatment. They show awareness of the way teeth developed: “The first teeth are formed by the nourishment of the fetus in the womb and after birth by mother’s milk. Those that come forth after these are shed are formed by food and drink. The shedding of the first teeth generally takes place at about seven years of age, those that come forth after this grow old with the man unless some illness destroys them”.

 

    The Romans

When the medical profession was in its infancy in Rome, dentistry was being practiced there. There is no word for dentist in the early Latin language for dentistry as separate profession did not exist among the Romans but was included as a part of medical practice and Roman physicians made no distinction between diseases affecting the mouth and teeth and those affecting other parts of the body.

Greeks were apparently the first to dissect cadavers and probably also the bodies of condemned criminals. Although little remains of their writings, they were described in later centuries as having discussed the blood supply to the teeth as well as cases of persons who had died from the extraction of a tooth.

The practice of oral hygiene was slow in coming to Greece. Dental care was not known until Greece became a Roman province. Under Roman influence the Greeks learned to use a multitude of materials as tooth cleansers among them pumice, emery, talk. Although the Greeks considered strong teeth indicative of good health, large teeth were for them a symbol of ferocity.

A Roman physician who wrote extensively on dental treatment was Scribonius Largus, personal doctor to the emperor Claudius (about 47 A.D.). Among his various suggestions for treating toothache was the following passage which gave further credence to ancient notion that a toothworm was responsible for dental caries: ”Suitable for toothache are fumigations made with seeds of belladonna, these must be followed by rinsings of the mouth with hot water, in this way, sometimes, as it were, small worms are expelled”.

The most concrete evidence that it was the physician who practiced dentistry in Rome can be found in the works of Galen who lived in the capital from about 166 until his death in about 201.

In addition to the treatment of oral diseases and the extraction of teeth the Romans were skilled in restoring carious teeth with gold crowns and replacing missing teeth by means of fixed bridgework. The Romans had a high regard to oral hygiene. Although they did not have soap, they did use water freely for washing. The use of tooth-cleaning powders was apparently widespread. Upper-class Romans outdid hygiene: when guests were invited to dinner they were provided not only with spoons and knives but also with elaborately decorated toothpicks of metal, often of gold which they took home with them. And it was considered quite proper to pock the teeth between each course of the meal.

 

Fifth to Twelfth Centuries

With the fall of Rome the Western world gradually sank into a mire of ignorance, superstition and intellectual passivity. Countries were split up into small, isolated city-states. Seeking protection against hostile forces people put themselves under the protection of the Church which became the only institution that exercised restraint upon the barbarian lords. Latin became the official language of cultural expression.

    With Christian control of thought and learning came monastic medicine which was no longer based on rational principles.

    The most important documentation of dental practices of the time was provided by Saint Hildegard, abbess of Bingen, in Germany (1099-1179). She wrote of the healing power of plants, meats, and minerals in her book Physica giving their German names. Her information on the teeth was Aristotelian for she ascribed toothache to the presence of decaying blood in the arteries that supply the teeth. She also mentioned the toothworm and advocated the smoke of burning aloe and myrrh to drive it out. She lists numerous remedies for toothache. Hildegard also believed in simple preventive measures, her only reference to oral surgery is lancing an abscess of the gum to facilitate the drainage of pus.

Dentistry

The Mouth

Of all organs of the human body the mouth is the most readily available for observing the past, present and future history of an individual. Something of the characteristics of a man can be determined by examining his mouth. The words that flow from it, the degree of repair, decay and attrition of the teeth, and the color, the texture, and the temperature of the oral soft tissues all reveal an individual’s history and response to his conditions of life. In order to recognize these conditions one must know something of the form and function of oral structures. One must know the size and shape of the structures of the mouth and how they contribute to functions of chewing, swallowing, speech, facial harmony, and the general well-being of the human organism. One must know how these structures originate, grow, age, and respond to the human condition of health and disease. The value of knowledge concerning forms and functions of oral anatomy is to provide a basis for understanding the curious questions how can oral diseases be controlled and prevented.

Birth is the beginning of independent life. A great deal of growth and development takes place before birth.

But what is growth and what is development? Growth is simply an increase in size while development is the maturation of what has grown. growth implies the multiplication of cells, to get bigger, and development is the changing that the grown cells do to take on a special form and function. These changes to special form and function are maturation.

When an infant is first born he cannot see well, nor hear, walk, talk, smell, nor even grab something with his hands. He is an immature new being. But he eats well. This is necessary for his survival. Eating is a specialized, well-developed function. The mouth as compared to the rest of the body matures very early.

The mouth is the first organ of the newborn to perform voluntary and purposeful functions. the functions of sucking and swallowing are well matured before birth, they are the earliest independent acts of the young infant.

The infantile stage of life is the “mouth period”, that period of life when most sensations are received through the mouth. A person can feel better with his lips and tongue than he can with his fingers. This is true even for the adult. The tongue and lips contain a very large number of nerve endings enabling us to distinguish between hot and cold, rough and smooth, wet and dry. The mouth is the portal of pleasure and survival, eating and speaking. Frequently psychological problems manifesting themselves later in life find earlier expressions through actions of the mouth. Thumb and finger sucking habits, nervous tic-like movements of jaws and tongue, grinding of teeth, disorders of speech, and abnormalities in eating habits are examples of distorted oral functions. If these distorted oral functions become compulsive and persist into late childhood they are symptomatic of psychological problems.

Saliva

Saliva is produced by the salivary glands and emptied into the mouth. The food in the mouth is moistened by the saliva. By mastication the food is rolled into a soft mass or bolus.

Saliva is made up of about 99% water but it contains several important solid substances. One of these is mucin. It is secreted in the floor of the mouth by two of our three pairs of salivary glands, the submaxillary and sublingual glands. This complex chemical mucin makes the saliva sticky. It helps to form the small particles of food into a bolus and is semibacteriocidal.

Another important ingredient of saliva is an enzyme, salivary amylase, a substance which assists in the decomposition of starches into a sugar maltose. The source of salivary amylase is the third paired salivary gland, the parotid. The gland is located in the inner cheek near the back of the lower jaw at a level approximately in line with the molar teeth.

Another digestive enzyme found in the saliva but not a product of the salivary glands is maltase. This enzyme produced by oral bacteria decomposes some of the more complex sugar, maltose, to a simple sugar called glucose.

Saliva softens food and helps to clear the mouth of fine food particles. It also acts as a lubricant preventing friction between various parts of the mouth. The coating of saliva on food also makes the bolus easier to swallow.

Obviously saliva acts more thoroughly on a masticated food bolus than on food which is gulped down without chewing. If we continually swallow our food without much chewing we may suffer from stomachache, belching, and eventual malnutrition. The stomach has difficulty in digesting food that is not prepared by mastication and wetting with the saliva. The food adequately chewed and wetted with the saliva is ready for swallowing.

At the moment of swallowing food is different physically and chemically from what it was before we placed it into our mouth. Saliva plays an important role in ma