I. Read and translate in written form the following text.

Контрольная работа № 2

VARIANT 1

 

I. Read and translate in written form the following text.

Markets.

A market is commonly thought of as a place where commodities are bought and sold. There are markets for things other then commodities, in the usual sense. There are real estate markets, foreign exchange markets, labour markets and so on; there may be a market for anything, which has a price. And there may be no particular place to which dealings are confined. Buyers and sellers may deal with one another prices obtainable in one part of the market affect the prices paid in other parts.by telephone, telegram, cable or letter.

We must define a market as any area over which buyers and sellers are in such close touch with one another either directly or through dealers that the

Modern means of communication are so rapid that a buyer can discover what price a seller is asking, and can accept it if he wishes. Thus the market for anything is, potentially, the whole word. But in fact things have only a local or national market. This may be because nearly the whole demand is concentrated in one locality. The main reason why many things have not a word market is that they are costly or difficult to transport. For example coal is produced much more cheaply in the United States than in Europe but owing to the cost of transporting coal by rail, American coal seldom finds its way to Europe.

 

II. Give English equivalents of:

1) покупать и продавать товар

2) обычный смысл слова

3) ограничивать сделки

4) средства связи

5) транспортировка угля по железной дороге

 

III. Give Russian equivalents of:

1) foreign exchange markets

2) affect the prices

3) produce coal

4) real estate markets

5) deal with another

 

IV. Put the verbs in brackets into correct tense:

1. He'll be furious if he ever (find out) about this.

2. The animals at the zoo  (die) unless they're fed.

3. If you drink all that juice, you (be) sick.

4. If he…………..(not drive) so fast, he will not have an accident.

5. She'll be on time for the meeting if she……..(leave) early.

 

V. Write Type 2 conditionals to match these situations:

1. I don't have a spare ticket. I can't take you to the concert.

2. She drinks too much coffee. She doesn't feel calm.

3. He can't type. He isn't able to operate a computer.

4. They don't understand the problem. They won't find a solution.

5. You can't run fast. You won't be an Olympic champion.

 

VI. Translate the given sentences. Mind the First, the Second and the Third Conditionals.

1. If the researcher uses this new approach, he will be able to avoid many errors.

2. He will help you by all means if he has some free time.

3. If I were you, I would receive the proposal.

4. He would translate the article if he had a dictionary.

5. If the students had worked hard during the term, they would have passed the exam.

 

VII. Translate the given sentences into English.

1. Ты бы чувствовал себя лучше, если бы ложился спать раньше.

2. Он бы лучше знал английский язык, если бы летом прочитал английские книги.

3. Если он выучит немецкий язык, он поедет учиться в Германию.

4. Если бы вчера было не так холодно, мы бы поехали за город.

5. Если бы у меня было время, я бы смог рассказать тебе больше.

 

VIII. Translate modal verbs or their equivalents into English.

1. He (сможет) to finish his work next week.

2. She (позволят) to visit him in two weeks.

3. You (должны) consult a doctor if you are ill.

4. We (не должны были) to discuss these questions with you.

5. I (нe мoгy) do anything for you.

 

IX. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Mind the Modal Verbs.

1. I don't need your book any longer.

2. We should meet our friends at the station.

3. He had to go there yesterday.

4. The students got up early, as the lecture was to begin at 9 o'clock.

5. We were obliged to stay at home yesterday, it was raining cats and dogs.

 

XI. Choose the proper form. Rewrite the sentences and translate them.

Model: She said that they_________ in Oxford.

а) lived     b) lives    c) will live

VARIANT 2

VARIANT 3

VARIANT 4

VARIANT 5

 

VARIANT 6

 

VARIANT 7

VARIANT 8

Money

Money is what people use to buy things. People spend money on goods and services. People earn money by performing services. They also earn money from investments, including government bonds, and from saving accounts.

Money can be anything people agree to accept in exchange for the things they sell or the work they do.

Today, most nations use metal coins and paper bills. A person can changed his money of any country according to the exchange rate. Usually, such rates are set by the central banks of a country. The value of a country’s currency may change.

Banks

People save money in banks for future use. A man probably will not want to spend all his pay the day he receives it. So he may decide to put some of his money in a bank for safekeeping. The money he puts in the bank is called a deposit. This money is credited, or added, to his account.

When the depositor wants to withdraw, or take out, part of his deposit, the bank must be ready to pay him.

Banks use the money of depositors for loans to those who need funds. The bank that makes the loan is called a lender or creditor. The bank charges the debtor interest for the use of the loan.

Charging interest for the use of money is the chief source of bank income.

II. Give English equivalents to:

1) заработать деньги

2) устанавливать курс

3) копить деньги

4) быть готовым заплатить

5) доход банка

 

III. Give Russian equivalents to:

 1) according to

2) saving accounts

3) in exchange for

4) to make the loan

5) to charge interest

 

IV. Put the verbs in brackets into correct tense:

1) He will phone you if he (have) time.

2) If this dress (cost) too much, we’ll go to another shop.

3) What (do) if the taxi doesn’t come?

4) (Phone) me if you have any problems?

5) If the weather (be) fine, we’ll go for a walk.

 

V. Write Type 2 conditionals to match these situations:

1) James can’t afford a flat of his own. He lives with his parents.

2) There are not any beers left. I can’t offer you one.

3) He hasn’t got a fax machine. I can’t send this immediately.

4) We don’t have his address. We can’t write to him.

5) I wear glasses. I am not a pilot.

 

VI. Translate the given sentences. Mind the First, the Second and the Third Conditionals:

1) If the guide shows the right way, the travelers won’t get lost.

2) We’ll go together if you are here in time.

3) If I had seen him yesterday, he would have known the place of our meeting.

4) If she phoned me tomorrow, we would go to the library together.

5) He would have bought that car if he had had enough money.

 

VII. Translate the given sentences into English:

1) Мне потребовалось много времени, чтобы перевести эту статью. Если бы вы мне дали хороший словарь, я бы потратил меньше времени.

2) Я был бы очень рад, если бы вы зашли к нам завтра.

3) Если бы вы пришли сюда вчера между двумя и тремя часами. Вы бы застали его здесь.

4) Если мы не получим ваш отчет до 20 числа, мы передадим заказ другой фирме.

5) Если бы ваше предложение было получено на прошлой неделе, мы бы приняли его.

 

VIII. Translate modal verbs or their equivalents into English:

1) When he was young, he (мог) run a mile in less than five minutes.

2) She (может) come tonight, but I am not sure.

3) We (должны) walk fast to get to the station in time.

4) The children (позволят) to go to the garden.

5) You (следует) go there; you are waited for.

 

IX. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Mind the Modal Verbs:

1) He can’t have forgotten it.

2) Did he have to do this work tonight?

3) You shouldn’t smoke so much if you feel badly.

4) My brother might become a good doctor, but he isn’t sure in his choice.

5) I was to send him a telegram, but I forgot.

 

X. Translate the following sentences into English:

1) Не может быть, чтобы он уехал из Москвы, не сказав мне об этом.

2) Я должен написать ему об этом немедленно.

3) Если бы все меры безопасности были приняты, этого могло бы не произойти.

4) Моя одежда на меня слишком мала, мне надо похудеть.

5) Тебе следует принять участие в этой олимпиаде.

 

VARIANT 9

VARIANT 10

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 1

ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE

(Do scientific developments create opportunities for satisfying needs and desires of the people and for making their life easier? What achievements of science do you use in your household?)

As the years go forward our life becomes faster, a lot of new things appear, our mind develops and it cannot stop. It’s like a strong river which never ends to run and it is rapidly spreading all over the earth. Many centuries ago people even couldn’t imagine that we will be able to exchange information using telephone, fax, Internet as long as they couldn’t think that there are a lot of planets besides our earth and that people can fly there.

If we think how everything had developed, how many new things had appeared and how had the minds of people become so wide we even won’t be able to understand it because nowadays we cannot imagine our life without such inventions like lamps, ovens, central heating and others. During the centuries people have been invented the things to make our life easier. A great invention such as transport plays one of the most important roles in our life. We live in flats, can appear in different point of earth within a day, can say hello to people who live in another point of the world. All those things are a product of technical progress and it doesn’t stop to grow and develop. Nowadays we live surrounded by machines and other inventions. And with new inventions we become happier because nearly everything is making by machine not by ourselves. And from day to day appear more and more new things. And we don’t think about how the first inventions were created. The only thing we know that we never will return to the life which people lived a lot of centuries ago because there is no way back. Everything is handy. We use at home vacuum cleaners to clean the flat, ovens to cook, lifts to walk down in our houses, lamps to make our flats light…. There are a lot of such things like this, and we even don’t think about when and where and who invented it. And it’s so simple to us. And it’s so dear to us that we cannot even live without it. Our century is a century of developing informational connection. Faxes, TV, Internet, and Telephone became the most popular way of getting and sending information. One of the greatest inventions of the century, in my opinion is computer. This is thegreatest breakin science.

When Charles Babbage (1792-1871), a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University invented the first calculating machine in 1812 he could hardly have imagined the situation we find ourselves today. Computer becomes like a brain of human but the only thing it cannot do is to feel. The other things are easy to it. As everything computers also develop. The possibilities of it are so wide. It can do more than 500000 sums in a fraction of a second. Programming became one of the most useful and popular profession. Nowadays computers can pay wages, reserve seats on planes, control sputniks, compose music. Also everybody knows the words Cd Rom, a means of storing information on a disk to be read by a computer, e-mail, which becomes one of the ways to exchange information, the Internet – a network that is a way to get information, to communicate with people, to find everything you need. More and more people become Internet users because we can do so many things their and also cannot say all of them. You can chat there, find job, pay bills, get music, buy something, find essays, and know the latest news exchange information with other people in each point of earth by e-mail and a lot of other functions. As for me it became a usual thing to be connected to Internet. It attracts me by a wide variety of different kinds of information which is necessary to people.

Of course, I use a lot of other things of technology at home.

And I think that the main point of such inventions as vacuum cleaners, which we use at home, radio, TV set, mixers, refrigerators, is to serve people. All of these things appeared only after the invention of electricity. So I find the question about technical progress very wide and it’s impossible to say about all inventions. And in conclusion I want to say that the technical progress won’t stop and the machines will substitute everything except one the human.

 

MY SPECIALITY

I am a first-year student of the Computing department of the Donetsk Technical University. After graduating from the university I’ll have to work with different kinds of computers.

Computers came into life quite recently but they are of great importance or the development of science and engineering. Computers play an essential part in automatic control system. The launching of interplanetary rockets, the operation of nuclear power stations and many other important processes couldn’t have been performed without computing machines.

My speciality is designing and experimental controlling the input systems. In my work I shall be busy with different aspects of switching theory and logical design, telecommunication theory, etc. In addition I know the computing processes of input, output devices, arithmetic unit, storage, etc. Moreover, I must be well informed about different electrical circuits of the logical elements. My work is very interesting and requires improving the knowledge every day.

 

 

GREAT BRITAIN

The United Kingdom is situated in the north-west coast of Europe between the Atlantic Ocean on the south and north-west and the North Sea in the east.

The U.K. includes Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Great Britain, the largest island of Europe comprises England, Scotland and Wales.

The United Kingdom has an area of 94.249 square miles. The capital of the country is London. English is the official language.

The population of the U.K. is nearly 60 million people. London’s population is over 8 million people. There are many people of all cultures and races in the United Kingdom.

The climate of Great Britain is mild. It is not too hot in summer or too cold in winter. It often rains in England. There are many rivers in Great Britain. The main river is the Thames. Many ships go up and down the river. The longest river is Severn. It is 350 kilometres long.

There are many universities, colleges, libraries, museums and theatres in the country. The most well-known universities are Cambridge University, Oxford University, Glasgow University.

The U.K. is a parliamentary monarchy. The British parliament consists of two Houses: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The Prime minister is the head of the Government. The U.K. has few mineral resources. Coal and oil are the most important of them. It is one of the west most industrialized countries. The main industrial centres are Sheffield, Birmingham and Manchester.

Agriculture takes an important sector in economy of the country. The British people grow wheat, vegetables, oats. 

 

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 2

 

STEVE JOBBS

Steve Jobs was born in San Francisco, California, on February 24, 1955, to two University of Wisconsin graduate students who gave him up for adoption. Smart but directionless, Jobs experimented with different pursuits before starting Apple Computer with Steve Wozniak in 1976. Apple's revolutionary products, which include the iPod, iPhone and iPad, are now seen as dictating the evolution of modern technology, with Jobs having left the company in 1985 and returning more than a decade later. He died in 2011, following a long battle with pancreatic cancer.

Early Life

Steven Paul Jobs was born on February 24, 1955, in San Francisco, California, to Joanne Schieble (later Joanne Simpson) and Abdulfattah "John" Jandali, two University of Wisconsin graduate students who gave their unnamed son up for adoption. His father, Jandali, was a Syrian political science professor, and his mother, Schieble, worked as a speech therapist. Shortly after Steve was placed for adoption, his biological parents married and had another child, Mona Simpson. It was not until Jobs was 27 that he was able to uncover information on his biological parents.

The infant was adopted by Clara and Paul Jobs and named Steven Paul Jobs. Clara worked as an accountant and Paul was a Coast Guard veteran and machinist. The family lived in Mountain View, California, within the area that would later become known as Silicon Valley. As a boy, Jobs and his father worked on electronics in the family garage. Paul showed his son how to take apart and reconstruct electronics, a hobby that instilled confidence, tenacity and mechanical prowess in young Jobs.

While Jobs was always an intelligent and innovative thinker, his youth was riddled with frustrations over formal schooling. Jobs was a prankster in elementary school due to boredom, and his fourth-grade teacher needed to bribe him to study. Jobs tested so well, however, that administrators wanted to skip him ahead to high school—a proposal that his parents declined.

A few years later, while Jobs was enrolled at Homestead High School, he was introduced to his future partner Steve Wozniak, who was attending the University of California, Berkeley. In a 2007 interview with PC World, Wozniak spoke about why he and Jobs clicked so well: "We both loved electronics and the way we used to hook up digital chips," Wozniak said. "Very few people, especially back then, had any idea what chips were, how they worked and what they could do. I had designed many computers, so I was way ahead of him in electronics and computer design, but we still had common interests. We both had pretty much sort of an independent attitude about things in the world...."

Apple Computer

After high school, Jobs enrolled at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. Lacking direction, he dropped out of college after six months and spent the next 18 months dropping in on creative classes at the school. Jobs later recounted how one course in calligraphy developed his love of typography.

In 1974, Jobs took a position as a video game designer with Atari. Several months later he left the company to find spiritual enlightenment in India, traveling further and experimenting with psychedelic drugs. In 1976, when Jobs was just 21, he and Wozniak started Apple Computer. The duo started in the Jobs family garage, funding their entrepreneurial venture by Jobs selling his Volkswagen bus and Wozniak selling his beloved scientific calculator.

Jobs and Wozniak are credited with revolutionizing the computer industry by democratizing the technology and making machines smaller, cheaper, intuitive and accessible to everyday consumers. Wozniak conceived of a series of user-friendly personal computers, and—with Jobs in charge of marketing—Apple initially marketed the computers for $666.66 each. The Apple I earned the corporation around $774,000. Three years after the release of Apple's second model, the Apple II, the company's sales increased by 700 percent to $139 million. In 1980, Apple Computer became a publicly traded company, with a market value of $1.2 billion by the end of its very first day of trading. Jobs looked to marketing expert John Sculley of Pepsi-Cola to take over the role of CEO for Apple.

Departure from Company

However, the next several products from Apple suffered significant design flaws, resulting in recalls and consumer disappointment. IBM suddenly surpassed Apple in sales, and Apple had to compete with an IBM/PC-dominated business world. In 1984, Apple released the Macintosh, marketing the computer as a piece of a counterculture lifestyle: romantic, youthful, creative. But despite positive sales and performance superior to IBM's PCs, the Macintosh was still not IBM-compatible. Sculley believed Jobs was hurting Apple, and the company's executives began to phase him out.

Not actually having had an official title with the company he co-founded, Jobs was pushed into a more marginalized position and thus left Apple in 1985 to begin a new hardware and software enterprise called NeXT, Inc. The following year Jobs purchased an animation company from George Lucas, which later became Pixar Animation Studios. Believing in Pixar's potential, Jobs initially invested $50 million of his own money in the company. The studio went on to produce wildly popular movies such as Toy Story, Finding Nemo and The Incredibles; Pixar's films have collectively netted $4 billion. The studio merged with Walt Disney in 2006, making Steve Jobs Disney's largest shareholder.

Reinventing Apple

Despite Pixar's success, NeXT, Inc. floundered in its attempts to sell its specialized operating system to mainstream America. Apple eventually bought the company in 1996 for $429 million. The following year, Jobs returned to his post as Apple's CEO.

Just as Steve Jobs instigated Apple's success in the 1970s, he is credited with revitalizing the company in the 1990s. With a new management team, altered stock options and a self-imposed annual salary of $1 a year, Jobs put Apple back on track. His ingenious products (like the iMac), effective branding campaigns and stylish designs caught the attention of consumers once again.

Pancreatic Cancer

In 2003, Jobs discovered that he had a neuroendocrine tumor, a rare but operable form of pancreatic cancer. Instead of immediately opting for surgery, Jobs chose to alter his pesco-vegetarian diet while weighing Eastern treatment options. For nine months, Jobs postponed surgery, making Apple's board of directors nervous. Executives feared that shareholders would pull their stock if word got out that their CEO was ill. But in the end, Jobs' confidentiality took precedence over shareholder disclosure. In 2004, he had a successful surgery to remove the pancreatic tumor. True to form, in subsequent years Jobs disclosed little about his health.

Later Innovations

Apple introduced such revolutionary products as the Macbook Air, iPod and iPhone, all of which have dictated the evolution of modern technology. Almost immediately after Apple releases a new product, competitors scramble to produce comparable technologies. Apple's quarterly reports improved significantly in 2007: Stocks were worth $199.99 a share—a record-breaking number at that time—and the company boasted a staggering $1.58 billion profit, an $18 billion surplus in the bank and zero debt.

In 2008, iTunes became the second-biggest music retailer in America—second only to Walmart, fueled by iTunes and iPod sales. Apple has also been ranked No. 1 on Fortune magazine's list of "America's Most Admired Companies," as well as No. 1 among Fortune 500 companies for returns to shareholders.

Personal Life

Early in 2009, reports circulated about Jobs' weight loss, some predicting his health issues had returned, which included a liver transplant. Jobs had responded to these concerns by stating he was dealing with a hormone imbalance. After nearly a year out of the spotlight, Steve Jobs delivered a keynote address at an invite-only Apple event September 9, 2009.

In respect to his personal life, Steve Jobs remained a private man who rarely disclosed information about his family. What is known is Jobs fathered a daughter with girlfriend Chrisann Brennan when he was 23. Jobs denied paternity of his daughter Lisa in court documents, claiming he was sterile. With Chrisann struggling financially for much of her life, Jobs did not initiate a relationship with his daughter until she was 7, but when she was a teenager she came to live with her father.

In the early 1990s, Jobs met Laurene Powell at Stanford business school, where Powell was an MBA student. They married on March 18, 1991, and lived together in Palo Alto, California, with their three children.

Death

On October 5, 2011, Apple Inc. announced that its co-founder had passed away. After battling pancreatic cancer for nearly a decade, Steve Jobs died in Palo Alto. He was 56 years old.

 

Контрольная работа № 2

VARIANT 1

 

I. Read and translate in written form the following text.

Markets.

A market is commonly thought of as a place where commodities are bought and sold. There are markets for things other then commodities, in the usual sense. There are real estate markets, foreign exchange markets, labour markets and so on; there may be a market for anything, which has a price. And there may be no particular place to which dealings are confined. Buyers and sellers may deal with one another prices obtainable in one part of the market affect the prices paid in other parts.by telephone, telegram, cable or letter.

We must define a market as any area over which buyers and sellers are in such close touch with one another either directly or through dealers that the

Modern means of communication are so rapid that a buyer can discover what price a seller is asking, and can accept it if he wishes. Thus the market for anything is, potentially, the whole word. But in fact things have only a local or national market. This may be because nearly the whole demand is concentrated in one locality. The main reason why many things have not a word market is that they are costly or difficult to transport. For example coal is produced much more cheaply in the United States than in Europe but owing to the cost of transporting coal by rail, American coal seldom finds its way to Europe.