Make a plan of the text and write down key words from each part of it.

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1.3 Grammar Review Word-formation

According to their morphological composition we distinguish simple, derivative and compound words.

Simple words are words which have neither prefixes nor suffixes.

Derivative words are words which have derivative elements (prefixes or suffixes or both):

reader, sailor, blackness, childhood, misconduct, inexperience.

Suffixes

Productive noun-forming suffixes are: -er: reader, -ist: telegraphist, -ess: actress,

-ness: blackness, -ism: nationalism

Unproductive suffixes are: -hood: childhood, -dom: freedom, - ship: friendship,

-ment: evelopment, - ance: importance, -ence: dependence, -ty: cruelty, -ity: generosity

Adjective-forming suffixes are: -able: desirable, -al: natural, -ant, -ent: different, -ous: famous,

-ive: active, -ish: Polish, -ic: electric, -full: powerful, -less: useless, - y: rainy

Adverb-forming suffixes are: - ward: forward, homewards, -ly: slowly, daily, - wise: likewise

Verb-forming suffixes are: - ize (-ise): to characterize, - en: to sharpen, -fy: to modify,

Numeral-forming suffixes are: -teen: seventeen, -ty: seventy, -th: fourth

Prefixes

Prefixes with negative meaning: un -: unlucky, i n-: invisible, dis -: disarmament, n on -: non-conductor

Prefixes with repetitive meaning: r e-:to rewrite, to reconstruct

Prefixes with different meaning: d e -: to demobilize, pre -: prehistoric, mis -: to misunderstand, en-: to enrich, post -: post-war, over-: overestimate, super-: superprofit, under-: to underline,

sub-: to subdivide, inter-: interaction, trans-: to transplant, ex-: ex-minister, fore -: to foresee

Compound wordsare words built from two or more stems. Compound words often have one stress. The meaning of a com­pound often differs from the meanings of its elements.The main types of compound words are as follows:

noun-stem + noun-stem: snowball;

adjective-stem + noun-stem: blackbird, bluebell;

verb-stem + noun-stem: pickpocket;

the stem of a gerund or of a participle may be the first component of a compound noun: dining-room, reading-hall, dancing-girl.

 

CONVERSION.

Conversion is word-formation when one part of speech is converted into another one.

Work: To work hard (verb) A difficult work (noun)

Round: A round table (adjective) The first round (noun)

Watch: To watch TV (verb)         A watch (noun)

 

1.4 Grammar Practice

 

1. Підкресліть в словах префікс та суфікс.

Inhabitant, entering, preference, visitor, planting, cheapest, unnoticed, boyish, uncertain, marriage, readiness, dishonest, undone, misunderstand, heartiness, impracticable, homeless, handful, unexplored government, capable, really uncomfortable.

 

2. Визначте за суфіксом частину мови.

Fourteen, spoken, amendment, biologist, brighten, coolly, brutal, cruelty, talentless, subscribe, substantial, levy, regulator, popular, centralization, comparatively, general, historic, majority, offer, empty, bravery, beauty, burn, dial, vibrator, dominate, justify, kindness, kindly, layer, logical, moneyless, hardly.

 

3. Перекладіть на рідну мову:

exercise-book, blackboard, schoolgirl, textbook, homework, weekend, merry-go-round, forget-me-not, touch-me-not, newspaper, cinema-goer, newcomer, school-leaver, writing-table, holiday-maker, sun-bathing, sleep-walker, story-teller, smoking-room, book-shop, right-hander, chess-player, absent-minded, ice-cream, soda-water, snowboard, peace-maker, handwriting, highway, sky-scraper, body-building, free-lancer, pain-killer, pancake, shipwreck, earthquake, ship-owner, furcoat, raincoat, head-master, suit-case, milk-tooth, commander-in-chief, classmate, pen-friend.

 

 

UNIT 2. 2.1 Reading Practice HISTORY OF COMPUTERS.

 

Let us take a look at the history of the computers that we know today. The very first calculating device used was the ten fingers of a man's hands. This, in fact, is why today we still count in tens and multiples of tens. Then the abacus was invented; a bead frame in which the beads are moved from left to right. People went on using some form of abacus well into the 16th century, and it is still being used in some parts of the world because it can be understood without knowing how to read. During the 17th and 18th centuries many people tried to find easy ways of calculating. J. Napier, a Scotsman, devised a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing, which is how the modern slide rule works. Henry Briggs used Napier's ideas to produce logarithm tables, which all mathematicians use today. Calculus, another branch of mathematics, was independently invented both by Sir Isaac Newton, an Englishman, and Leibnitz, a German mathematician.

The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820 as the result of several people's experiments. This type of machine, which saves a great deal of time and reduces the possibility of making mistakes, depends on a series of ten-toothed gear wheels. In 1830 Charles Babbage, an Englishman, designed a machine that was called "The Analytical Engine". This machine, which Babbage showed at the Paris Exhibition in 1855, was an attempt to cut out the human being altogether, except for providing the machine with the necessary facts about the problem to be solved. He never finished this work, but many of his ideas were the basis for building today's computers. In 1930, the first analogue computer was built by an American named Vannevar Bush. This device was used in World War II to help aim guns. Mark I, the name given to the first digital computer, was completed in 1944. The men responsible for this invention were Professor Howard Aiken and some people from IBM. It was the first machine that could. Figure out long lists of mathematical problems all at a very fast rate.

In 1946 two engineers at the University of Pennsylvania, J. Eckert and J. Maushly, build the first digital computer using parts called vacuum tubes. They named their new invention ENIAC. Another important advancement in computers came in 1947, when John von Newmann developed the idea of keeping instructions for the computer inside the computer's memory.

The first generation of computers, which used vacuum tubes, came out in 1950. UNIVAC I is an example of these computers which could perform thousand of calculations per second. In 1960, the second generation of computers was developed and these could perform work ten times faster than their predecessors. The reason for this extra speed was the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes. Second-generation computers were smaller, faster and more dependable than first-generation computers. The third-generation computers appeared on the market in 1965. These computers could do a million calculations a second, which is 1000 times as many as first-generation computers. Unlike second-generation computers, these are controlled by tiny integrated circuits and are consequently smaller and more dependable. Fourth-generation computers have now arrived, and the integrated circuits that are being developed have been greatly reduced in size. This is due to microminiaturization, which means that the circuits are much smaller than before; as many as 1000 tiny circuits now fit onto a single chip.

A chip is a square or rectangular piece of silicon, usually from 1/10 to 1/4 inch, upon which several layers of an integrated, circuit are etched or imprinted, after which the circuit is encapsulated in plastic or metal. Fourth-generation computers are 50 times faster than third-generation computers and can complete approximately 1,000,000 instructions per second.

Vocabulary:

 

characters — символи

data ['deita] — данні

decision — рішення

device — пристрій

hardware — обладнання

instruction — команда

intelligence — розум

manner — манера, спосіб

microwave — мікрохвильова

procedures — процедури, операції

purpose — мета

raw — неопрацьований, сирий

to come to life — оживити

to connect — з’єднати

to convert — перетворювати

to create — створювати

to evaluate — оцінювати

to refer to as — називати, відносити до

to refine — очищувати

to respond — відповідати

transmission — передача

various — різноманітні

  1.2 Oral practice.

  

Answer the questions.

1) What does the term «computer» describe?

2) Is computer intelligent?                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

3) What are five components of computer system?

4) What is connectivity?

5) What is software? What's the difference between hardware and software?

6) Why people are the most important component of a computer system?

7) In what way terms «data» and «information» differ?

8) How does computer convert data into information?