The topic studied actuality. Endocrinal pathology is widely spread all over the world

Endocrinal pathology is widely spread all over the world. We wll give you just several examples about diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus patients are more than 5% of population of Earth (13 mln of them live only in USA). Every elder person (from 65 to 74 years) suffers from diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus risk is increased on every 20% of abundant weight. Diabetes mellitus is the third death reason by frequency (300 thousand people die annually all over the world). This disease rate is increasing in all countries during latest 10 years. Approximately 3-5% of population in Russia are sick with diabetes mellitus. 6-8% of the sick are children before 14 years. Annual increasing of sick children is 6%. Children up to 5 years are 13% of the sick.

 

2.Study aims:

To know: physiological functions hormonal regulation characteristics; main mechanisms of hormones action to organism cells.

To be able to: analize regulated parameters and make conclusions about endocrine glands functions regulative mechanisms.

 

1. Pre-auditory self-work materials.

 

3.1.Basic knowledge, skills, experiences, necessary for study the topic:

 

Histology	Endocrine glands histological structure	Recognize endocrine glands preparations
Anatomy	Morphology of endocrine glands
Biochemistry	Hormones and other biologically-active substances biochemistry and molecular action mechanism	Write some hormones and other biologically-active substances formulas (according to the programme)
Internal diseases (therapy)	Morphology, physiology, biochemistry of endocrinal system, hormones biochemical classification	To analize endocrine system changings at diseases, know their prevention and therapy principles
Dentistry	Changings in oral cavity and maxillary-facial region as a whole at endocrinological diseases in adult and children.

 

3.2.Topic content.

 

Corticotropine main effects:

Suprarenal effect:

· suprarenal cortex stimulation for glucocorticoids production;

· participation in stress mechanisms;

· sexual steroids and mineralocorticoids production by suprarenal cortex weak stimulation.

Extrasuprarenal effects:

· insuline secretion increasing;

· somatotropine secretion activaton;

· melanin accumulation;

· hypoglycemia;

· lipolysis.

Thyreotropine main effects:

Thyreoid:

· thyroid gland growth and thyroid hormones production increasing.

Extrathyroid:

· proteoglycans synthesis activation in skin, subcutaneous and retroorbital hypodermic tissue.

 

Gonadotropines main effects:

To germinative tissue:

1) Follitropine:

· follicles growth, granulose tissue proliferation in ovary in women;

· Sertoli cells proliferation and spermatogenesis in men.

2) lutropine:

· ovulation in women;

· sperm cells exit (ejaculation) stimulation in men.

To endocrine tissue:

5) follitropine:

· structures prepair to lutropine action, enzymes activation.

6) lutropine:

· estrogens and progesterone secretion activating in women;

· testosterone secretion activation by Leidig’s cells in men.

Oxytocine main effects:

· uterus contractions stimulation (especially pregnant one);

· milk releasing stimulation;

· diuretic and natriuretic action, water-salt metabolism regulation;

· drink behaviour regulation;

· adenohypophyseal hormones secretion increasing;

· participation in forgetting processes;

· hypotensive effect.

Vasopressine main effects:

·water reabsorbtion activation in kidney;

·sodium-uresis increasing;

·vessels smooth myocytes contraction stimulation;

·dypsia center stimulation;

·participation in memorizing mechanisms;

·taking part in thermoregulation mechanisms;

·participation in neuroendocrine functions and autonomic nervous system regulation as mediator;

·participation in biological rhythms organization;

·taking part in emotional behaviour;

·osmotic pressure regulation. 

Glucocorticoids effects-1

Antiinflammatory effects:

· lyzosomes membranes stabilization, proteolytic enzymes exit inhibiting;

· capillaries permeability and leucocytes exit decreasing;

· antibodies production reducing;

· antihistaminic effect.

Haematologic effects;

· lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils content decreasing in blood due to their transfer to the tissues (bone marrow, lymphatic nodes) during lymphoid tissue destruction;

· neutrophils number increasing due to their exit from bone marrow;

· erythrocytes number increasing because of erythropoiesis stimulation.

Glucocorticoids effects-2

3) hormones excessiveness antigrowth effects:

· calcitriol effects, fibroblasts mitosis, collagen decomposition inhibiting up to osteoporosis;

· wounds repair inhibiting due to fibroblasts proliferation decreasing and connective tissue reduction;

· somatotropine secretion inhibiting;

· myoatrophy and weakness;

4) glomerular filtration velocity stimulation;

5) stomach secretion stimulation, HCl releasing increasing, mucocytes number and mucus production decreasing – ulcerogenic effect;

6) prolonged excessiveness can lead to euphoria, psychotic, paranoyal and depressive states.

Glucocorticoids effects-3

Vascular effects:

· creation the possibility to make catecholamines vasoconstrictory effect;

· supporting normal arterial pressure and blood volume due to vessels sensitivity support to vaso-active agents;

· vascular permeability decreasing;

adaptive effects:

· catecholamines synthesis increasing;

· participation in stress mechanism;

· homeostasis support.