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Прочитайте наступні речення та назвіть значення виділених слів.



Прочитайте наступні речення та назвіть значення виділених слів.

1. Colleges are technical or professional schools which prepare students for specific job or offer a specialist qualification. 2. Technical college is a college, specializing in technical subjects. 3. College of technology also specializes in technical subjects but provides more advanced courses than a traditional technical college. 4. Polytechnics are centres for advanced courses in a wide range of subjects. 5. A course is a complete (повний, закінчений) period of studies. 6. Sandwich courses are courses in which students alternate studies with practical work in industry.

Прочитайте наступні слова й словосполучення. Вони допоможуть вам повніше зрозуміти зміст тексту.

academic — навчальний, tutorial — консультація, particular feature — роспізнавальна риса, strong links — міцні зв'язки, Bachelor of Arts — бакалавр мистецтв, Master of Arts — магістр мистецтв, science — наука.

 

TEXT A

Прочитайте текст та виконайте вправи після тексту.

HIGHER EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN

There are some 90 universities and 70 other higher education institutions in Great Britain: polytechnics and numerous colleges for more specialized needs, such as colleges of technology, technical colleges, colleges of arts and agricultural colleges in England and Wales.

They all provide a wide range of courses from lower-level technical and commercial courses through specialized courses of various kinds to advanced courses for those who want to get higher-level posts in commerce, industry and administration, or take up one of a variety of professions.

Courses are a combination of lectures, seminars, tutorials and laboratory work. In a lecture the student is one of a large number of students. He listens to the lecturers, takes notes, but asks no questions. In a seminar he raises problems and discusses them with his fellow students under the direction of one of the teachers. In a tutorial he is accompanied by only a handful of students and discusses his personal academic problems with a teacher.

Study in courses may be full-time and part-time. Full-time education includes sandwich courses in which periods of full-time study (for example, six months) alternate with full-time practical work and training in industry. Full-time and sandwich courses now are an important part of higher education in England and Wales.

A degree is an academic qualification awarded at most universities and colleges upon completion of a higher educational course (a first degree) or a piece of research (higher degrees). If students pass their final exam at the end of a three-year course, they get their first degree. Students with a first degree become Bachelors of Arts or Science, and can put B.A. or B.Sc. after their names. If they want to go a step further and become Master of Arts or Science, they have to write an original paper, or thesis, on some subject based on a short period of research, usually soon after graduation. If students wish to become academics and perhaps teach in a university, then they will work for a higher degree, a Doctor of Philosophy - a Ph.D. For this they will have to carry out some important research-work.

DISCUSSION

На підставі отриманої з тексту інформації доповніть таблицю та логічну схему.

Розкажіть про систему вищої освіти в Великобританії, скориставшись складеною вами схемою та таблицею.

First degree   On completion of a three-year course

Higher degrees

   
Doctor of Philosophy  

Логічна схема

Higher education in Great Britain  

Universities    

Courses

Full-time

Degree

         


GRAMMAR REVISION

Категорія числа іменників

Однина Множина
1. a book a pen a boy 2. a class a box a lunch 3. a story 4. a hero but a zero 5. a leaf but a safe 6. a man a woman a foot a tooth a mouse a child (and some others) 7. a phenomenon a crisis a radius   books pens boys classes boxes lunches stories heroes zeros leaves safes men women feet teeth mice children   phenomena crises radii

В англійській мові, як і в українській, є іменники, що вживаються тільки в однині або тільки в множині. Так, назви речовин, а також багато іменників, що виражають абстрактні поняття, вживаються тільки в однині:

chalk крейда, silver срібло, peace мир, courage відвага та ін.

Деякі іменники в англійській мові вживаються тільки в однині, а відповідні їм іменники в українській мові мають форми однини й множини або навіть тільки множини, наприклад: advice порада, поради; knowledge знання; information інформація, відомості; news новина, новини; progress успіх, успіхи; money гроші.

До іменників, які в англійській мові вживаються лише в множині, належать, як і в українській мові, назви предметів, що складаються з двох рівних або подібних частин, наприклад: spectacles окуляри, trousers штани, scissors ножиці та ін.

Тільки форму множини мають і деякі інші іменники, українські відповідники яких можуть вживатися в однині і множині, а деякі навіть тільки в однині, наприклад: goods товар, товари; clothes одяг; contents зміст; wages зарплата тощо.

Іменники works «завод» и means «засіб, спосіб» мають значення як однини, так і множини.

Речення (The sentence)

Залежно від мети висловлювання в англійській мові розрізняються такі типи речень:  

а) розповідні (declarative sentences)

All definitions of chemistry include the study of matter.

б) питальні (interrogative sentences)

Does a chemical change involve change in properties?

What interesting experiment we are carrying!

г) наказові (imperative sentences)

Stop heating this solution!

Займенники

(Pronouns)

Займенники – це слова, які не називають предмети, особи, якості та явища, а тільки вказують на них.

Особові займенники

(Personal Pronouns)

Відмі-нок

(Case)

1-ша особа

(1st person)

2-га особа

(2nd person)

3-тя особа

(3rd person)

Однина Singular Множина Plural Однина Singular Множина Plural Однина Singular Множина Plural
Назив-ний (Nomi-native) I я we ми you ти you ви he, she, it він, вона, воно they вони
Об’єкт-ний (Objec-tive) me мене us нас you тебе you вас him, her, it його, її them їх

Присвійні займенники

Особові

Займенники

(Personal

Pronouns)

Присвійні займенники

(Possessive Pronouns)

Прилягаюча форма Абсолютна форма
I he she it my  мій, моя, моє, мої his його her її its його, її mine мій, моя, моє, мої his його her її its   його
we you they our наш, наша, наше, наші your ваш, ваша,, ваше, ваші their їхній, їхня, їхнє ours наш, наша, наше, наші yours ваш, ваша, ваше, ваші theirs їхній, їхня, їхнє

Зворотні займенники

Присвійні займенники Зворотні займенники
my your his her its our your their myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves

4. Замініть виділені слова займенниками:

1. The school year runs from September to mid July. 2. For Oxford and Cambridge school leavers have to take special exams. 3. The experiment is easy. John can carry it without your help. 4. Jane’s sister went to the university last year. 5. These students’ parents are chemists. 6. All problems of this report are very important. 7. Don’t touch this equipment!

Визначники іменника

Іменники в англійській мові мають визначники. Визначники служать формальними ознаками іменника й зазвичай стоять перед ним. Якщо є інші означення слова, то визначник завжди стоїть перед ними. Наприклад: My first scientific work (my — визначник; first, scientific — означення до слова work). Визначники допомагають знайти іменник при аналізі англійського речення.

Однина

Множина

  Визначник     Визначник  
It is a the this that my your its her his book. They are the these those our your their books.

Примітка: У таблиці представлені визначники іменників, виражені артиклями, вказівними й присвійними займенниками

Дієслово to be

Дієслово to have (мати)

Дієслово to have теж вживається і як повнозначне, і як допоміжне. (в цьому випадку воно служить для утворення різних часових форм інших дієслів.)

Дієслово to have відмінюється таким чином:

 

 

Affirmative Interrogative form Negative form
I have a book. You have a book. He has a book. She has a book. It has a book. We have books. You have books. They have books. Do I have a book? Do you have a book? Does he have a book? Does she have a book? Does it have a book? Do we have books? Do you have books? Do they have books? I don’t have a book. You don’t have a book. He doesn’t have a book. She doesn’t have a book. It doesn’t have a book. We don’t have a book. You don’t have a book. They don’t have a book.

4. Переклад дієслова to have залежить від контексту

have + N — мати (повнозначне дієслово);

have + Ved — не перекладається (допоміжне дієслово);

have + to V — повинен (еквівалент модального дієслова).

а) Знайдіть у тексті “British Universities” речення з дієсловом to have і визначите, у якому з перерахованих вище значень воно вжито.

б) Визначите функцію дієслова to have у наступних реченнях.

1 The scientists have to carry out this experiment very carefully. 2. They have proposed a number of ways for achieving good results. 3. The results of this experiment have a great importance for the development of chemical industry in our country and abroad. 4. Specialists in organic chemistry have taken a new approach to the problem of the obtaining organic chemicals directly from organisms. 5. It is useful to have materials whose properties can be changed and controlled. 6. Carbon has so many more compounds than other elements. 7. Specialists in this field have to create the new materials.

5.

а) Дайте відповіді на наступні запитання, починаючи відповідь з there:

1. How many elements are there in the Periodic Table of elements? 2. How many elements with atomic number 1 are present in the Periodic Table? 3. Is there free nitrogen in the air? 4. Of how many atoms does the molecule of water consist?

b) Дайте відповіді на запитання а), використовуючи дієслово to have. Пам’ятайте, що речення “There is one electron in hydrogen” подібне реченню “Hydrogen has one electron”

6. Іноді модель N + have/has + N за змістом відповідає моделі there is/ are + N + prep N (географічному звороту).

Порівн. This institute has two faculties = There are two faculties at this institute — У цьому інституті (є) два факультети.

Прислівник (The Adverb)

Прислівники вказують на ознаку дії або якості:

The car went quickly. He went there.

Прислівники поділяються на:

1.

а) прості (Simple): there, here, soon, fast, hard, little і т. ін.;

б) похідні (Derived), які утворюються за допомогою суфікса -1у; active — actively, bad — badly, day — daily;

в) складні (Compound): sometimes, nowhere, inside, anywhere, midway (на півдорозі);

г) складені (Composite): at once, at last, at least, in vain.

2.

а) прислівники часу (Adverbs of Time): today, then, now, yester­day, before і т. ін.;

б) прислівники місця (Adverbs of Place): here, there, back, everywhere, outside і т. ін.;

в) прислівники способу дії (Adverbs of Manner): well, slowly, hard, fluently і т. ін.;

г) прислівники міри ознак і ступеня (Adverbs of Degree): very, almost, much, too, little, just і т. ін.

Present Indefinite passive

Од. (sing.) I am asked. You are asked. He (she, it) is asked. Am I asked? Are you asked? Is he (she, it) asked?

I am not asked.

You are not asked.

He (she, it) is not asked.

Мн. (pl.) We (you, they) are asked. Are we (you, they) asked?

 

Past Indefinite passive

Од. (sing.) I (he, she, it) was asked. You were asked.

Was I (he, she, it) asked?

Were you asked?

I (he, she, it) was not asked. You were not asked.
Мн. (pl.) We (you, they) were asked. Were we (you, they) asked?

We (you, they) were not asked.

Future Indefinite passive

Од. (sing.) I shall be asked. You (he, she, it) will be asked. Shall I be asked? Will you (he, she, it) be asked?

I shan’t be asked.

You (he, she, it) won’t be asked.

Мн. (pl.) We shall be asked. You (they) will be asked. Shall we be asked? Will you (they) be asked?

We shan’t be asked.

You (they) won’t be asked.

         

Переклад пасиву

 

The students were provided with all necessary materials.

1. Дієсловом в активному стані (3 особа множини з неозначно-особовим значенням): Студентів забезпечували (забезпечили) усіма необхідними матеріалами.
2. Дієсловом, що закінчується на –ся: Студенти забезпечувались усіма необхідними матеріалами.
3. За допомогою дієслова бути та скороченої форми пасивного дієприкметника: Студенти були забезпечені усіма необхідними матеріалами.

3. Перекладіть надані речення українською, звертаючи увагу на особливості перекладу пасиву:

1. Preparatory schools are so named because they prepare pupils for entrance to public schools. 2. Boys and girls are taught together in most British primary schools. 3. A lot of different courses are provided in British colleges of further education, which are for people over 16. 4. These courses are run by almost 500 further education colleges, many of which also provide higher education courses. 5. Teachers are trained at the Teachers’ Training Colleges. 6. Some additional information on American system of education will be reported in the newspaper tonight. 7. Modern methods of teaching are hotly debated now. 8. Cambridge is situated at a distance of seventy miles from London. 9. Every college is headed by the Dean.

4. Назвіть три не особових форми наведених дієслів:

to speak, to feel, to deal, to come, to grow, to send, to set, to leave, to become, to bring, to shut, to choose, to think, to know, to smell, to learn, to teach, to break, to spend, to put, to build, to let, to show, to give

5. Користуючись прикладом, поставте дієслова наступних речень в пасивну форму:

Many examples illustrate this rule. – This rule is illustrated by many examples.

1. Two laboratories will study this problem. 2. Several examples illustrated this idea. 3. The Academy of science organized the conference. 4. Each faculty controls the various subjects of study at this college. 5. The Cambridge University trains about 7,000 students in different specialties.

6. Перекладіть надані речення українською та поставте їх в питальну форму:

1. Matter is composed of atoms. 2. These computers are sold everywhere. 3. New methods of obtaining polymers are used at our plant. 4. Many properties of compounds were investigated at the end of the eighteenth century. 5. These data were studied by our group. 6. This problem was overcome by the researcher in his work. 7. His report will be discussed at the conference tomorrow. 8. This work will be done in three days.

7. Виберіть вірну форму дієслова (активну чи пасивну):

1. Newton (was performed, performed) many experiments with light.

2. When Cambridge (was closed, closed) in 1662, Newton returned to his native village.

3. Mass (is measured, measured) in grams or kilograms.

4. The unit of electricity "farad" (was named, named) after M. Faraday.

5. The first lightning rod (was invented, invented) by B. Franklin, the outstanding American scientist.

6. At Cambridge, Newton (was read, read) with great interest the writings of Galileo.

7. In 1745 Lomonosov (was appointed, appointed) a professor at the Academy of Sciences.

8. The first electric lamp (was invented, invented) in 1873 by A. N. Lodygin.

9. In 1911 Marie Curie (was received, received) the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

10. At first, the Periodic Law (was received, received) very coldly by other scientists.

11. In 1893 Mendeleev (was appointed, appointed) Director of the Bureau of Weights and Measures.

12. B. Franklin (was founded, founded) the first public library and the University of Pennsylvania.

TEXT D

DIALOGUE

Прослухайте уривок лекції професора університету. Зробіть собі помітки. Після цього запитайте професора пояснити ті моменти, які ви недостатньо зрозуміли. Використовуйте фрази, що приведені нижче. Також вам надаються слова та вирази, що використовуються під час діалогу, щоб краще зрозуміти розмову.

CLARIFICATION

I'm afraid it's not quite clear what you mean by...

I'm sorry I didn't quite follow what you said about...

I'm afraid I don't understand what... mean(s).

When you say..., do you mean that...?

ASKING QUESTIONS

I'd like to know what/when/why/how/who/if...

Could you tell me what/when/why/how/who/if...?

I wonder what/when/why/how/who/if...

Would you tell me what/when/why/how/who/if...?

It's interesting to know (to find out) what/when/why/how/who/if...

NOTES

1. most of the elements — більша частина елементів

2. breaking down —розклад

3. it's taken for granted — приймається за належне

WORDS

to accompany —     супроводжувати     drug — ліки

behaviour — поведінка                           dye — барвник

density — щільність, густина             hardness — твердість

determination —     визначення         insecticide — засіб від комах

liberation — звільнення            smell — запах

paint — фарба                               solubility — розчинення

J. В: Ladies and gentlemen! Let me begin by introducing myself. I'm John Brown, and I'm going to teach you chemistry during the first semester. The purpose of today's lecture is to provide an introduction to chemistry. As you probably know, chemistry is an experimental and theoretical science, studying the composition of matter and the changes that take place in it. Let me remind you that chemical changes involve changes in composition of matter, accompanied by energy changes. Physical changes involve changes in the position, location, or size of matter without any alteration in its composition. Energy changes may be explained as the liberation or absorption of energy in the form of light, heat, or electricity. Another thing to remember is that all forms of matter, and we'll discuss it in detail in other lectures, consist of either pure substances or mixtures of two or more substances. Right? What are the building blocks of matter?... Yes, they are elements. And compounds are combinations of elements. Most of the elements are metals and most of them unite with other elements and form compounds. Now, the formation of a compound from simpler substances is known as synthesis. Another process, analysis, is breaking down a compound into simpler substances or elements, and in this way determining its composition. Remember, please, that the composition of a pure substance never changes. Furthermore, every substance has physical and chemical properties. Physical properties include... what do they include?

STUDENT: Oh... colour, smell... well, what else?... solubility, density ah... probably hardness... oh, yes and boiling and melting points.

J. B: Right. They include colour, smell, solubility, density, hardness, and boiling and melting points. As for chemical properties, they include the behaviour with other materials. Now, a few words about matter. It exists in three states. What are they?

STUDENT: Ah... solid, liquid, oh, yes, and gas, gaseous state.

J. В: Quite true. The solid, the liquid, and the gaseous state. Usually a substance can be transformed from one state to another under the changes of its... what?

STUDENT: Temperature.

J. B: Yes, temperature. Let me conclude by saying that chemistry is so much a part of our lives that it's very easily taken for granted. Metals, glass, plastics, dyes, paints, drugs, insecticides, plants, paper and a lot more are made of chemicals. Now, do you have any questions? Is everything clear?

DISCUSSION

Прослухайте діалог ще один раз та дайте відповіді на наступні запитання. Починайте свої відповіді, використовуючи наступні фрази:

OPENING PHRASES

As far as I know/understand;

According to the lecturer;

As far as... is concerned;

The lecturer says that;

The professor gives information on...;

Dr. Brown claims that....

1. What does Professor J. Brown begin his lecture with?

2. What is the aim of the lecture?

3. What science is chemistry?

4. What does it study?

5. What does a chemical change involve?

6. What are chemical changes usually accompanied by?

7. What are the building blocks of matter?

8. What is synthesis?

9. What is analysis?

10. What are the three states of matter?

 

UNIT III

PERIODIC TABLE AND PERIODIC LAW

Прочитайте наступні речення та назвіть значення виділених слів.

1. Colleges are technical or professional schools which prepare students for specific job or offer a specialist qualification. 2. Technical college is a college, specializing in technical subjects. 3. College of technology also specializes in technical subjects but provides more advanced courses than a traditional technical college. 4. Polytechnics are centres for advanced courses in a wide range of subjects. 5. A course is a complete (повний, закінчений) period of studies. 6. Sandwich courses are courses in which students alternate studies with practical work in industry.



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