Look through the text and write out the English equivalents of the following words and word combinations. Use them in the sentences of your own .

Что касается, обходиться без чего-либо, использовать, играть роль, вносить вклад в,  благодаря чему-либо, становиться возможным.

4. Make word combinations using adjectives in the left column and the nouns in the right column.

Modern      application

Numerous  development

Further      inventors

Electric      civilization

Industrial   current

 

The Participle

	Participle I	Participle II	Perfect Participle
Active	writing	-	having written
Passive	being written	written	having been written

 

5. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the parti­ciple:

1. The student is translating an article on refrigerators.2. The student has translated an article. 3. The article is translated by the student. 4. The article is being translated by the student. 5. The student translating an article is my fellow-student. 6. The article translated by the student is difficult. 7. Translating an article, the student used a dictionary. 8. Having translated the article, the student gave it to the teacher. 9. Having been asked to translate the article, the student translated it very well.

6. Form four sentences using the words given below.

1. lift, the, heavy, can, electric, objects, crane.

2.  finds, industry, power, in, application, electric, wide, a

3. does, study, he, at, not, the, institute

4. day, use, every, do, devices, you, electrical

5. the theatre, go, to, we, yesterday, not, did

7. Give short answers to the following questions:

1. Does the motor find a wide application in industry? 2. Is Volta a Russian scientist? 3. Does your friend go to the university on foot? 4. Did you go to the theatre yesterday? 5. Is there an electric lamp on your table? 6. Has your friend bought a new bicycle? 7. Are there many trolley-buses and trams in your city? 8. Do you watch television every day? 9. Do you use electrical devices? 10. Can you do without electricity? 11. Does the electric current play an important part in our life? 12. Does the electric motor transform electri­cal power into mechanical power? 13. Is the electric current necessary for the operation of trolley-buses and trams?

8. Complete the sentences.

1. In 1800 Volta constructed the first source of …. … 2. One cannot imagine … … without the electric current.  3. Today we widely use many … … devices. 4. Electricity has numerous … … 5. Electric motor transforms … power into … one. 6. Electricity finds … … at every factory. …

 

9. Translate the following sentences:

1. Электрический мотор, преобразующий электрическую энергию в механическую, используется в повседневной жизни. 2. Говоря об электрическом токе, мы можем упомя­нуть имя Вольта. 3. Электрический пирометр измеряет температуру расплавленных металлов. 4. Поработав на предприятии, мой товарищ поступил в институт. 5. Электрические приборы, упомянутые в этой статье, были созданы русскими учеными. 6. Измеряя температуру горячих металлов, сту­дент пользовался пирометром. 7. Измерив температуру ме­талла, мы начали измерять температуру воды.

10. Put all possible questions to the following sentence:

The electric motor finds a wide application in industry.

11. Form sentences using the following expressions:

To play a part in; to go on foot; to do without; to make use of; to be familiar with; to get up; to go to bed; to watch television; owing to

Speak on:

1. The use of the electric current in industry.

2. The use of the electric current in our everyday life.

13. What do you call a device which:

1. measures the temperature of hot melted metals.

2. transforms electric power into mechanical power.

3. lifts objects weighing thousands of tons.

4. lights your room.

Enumerate your home appliances using electric power

Put six general questions to the text.

Make an outline of the text.

Retell the text.

LESSON TWO

KINDS OF POWER

Scientifically speaking, power is the ability to do work. There are various forms of power, such as: heat, mechanical, electrical, chemical, atomic and so on. One might also mention the two kinds of mechanical power—potential and kinetic, potential power being power of position while kinetic power is power of motion. It is well known that one form of power can be changed into another.

Take a waterfall as an example. Water falling from its raised position, power changes from potential to kinetic. If there is a hydroelectric plant at the waterfall, the power of the falling water is used to drive the turbines. The tur­bines, driven by the kinetic power of the running water, turn electric generators, these generators producing electric power. Thus, the mechanic power of falling water is turned into electric power. The electric power, in its turn, may be transformed into any other necessary form.

When an object loses its potential power, that power is turned into kinetic power. Thus, in the above-mentioned example when water is falling from its raised position, it certainly loses its potential power, that power changing into kinetic power (Fig. 1).

We have already seen that power of some kind must be employed to generate the electric current. The sources of power usually employed to produce current are either chemi­cal, as in the battery, or mechanical, as in the electromagnetic generator. Chemical sources of current having a limited ap­plication, the great quantities of electric power generated today come from various forms of mechanical power.

Needless to say that rising standards of modern civili­zation and growing industrial applications result in an in­creasing need of power. Every year we need more and more electric power for the useful things that are done only owing to electricity. However, the power sources of the world are decreasing at the same time as the power needs of the world are increasing. These needs will continue to grow as more motors and melted metals are used in industry and more electric current is employed in our everyday life. As a result, it is necessary to find new sources of power.

Fig. 1. Examples of kinetic power.

The Sun is an unlimited source of power. However, at present, only a little part of solar power is being used di­rectly. How can we employ solar power directly to produce useful power? This is a question which has interested scien­tists and inventors for a long time. Lavoisier and other great scientists of the past melted metals with the help of solar furnaces. Today, solar furnaces illustrate just one of the numerous ways to harness the sun. Using semiconductors, scientists, for example, have transformed solar power into electric power.

 

Exercises